Indoor Air Quality Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

Economics of indoor air quality

2026-09-03T06:54:41Z

Doris:

== Healthcare expenses ==

==== Increased doctor visits ====
Poor IAQ can trigger allergies and asthma attacks, leading to more frequent visits to the doctor or even hospital stays.

==== Medication costs ====
Managing these conditions often requires expensive medications, adding to the financial burden.

==== Long-term health problems ====
Exposure to certain pollutants can increase the risk of chronic diseases, resulting in significant healthcare costs over a lifetime.

== Productivity loss ==
IAQ can affect our cognitive function and overall well-being.

==== Reduced cognitive function ====
Studies have shown that poor IAQ can impair cognitive skills like decision-making, problem-solving, and memory. This "brain fog" can lead to errors and reduced productivity.

==== Increased absenteeism ====
When people are constantly battling allergies or respiratory problems due to poor IAQ, they're more likely to take sick days, impacting workforce productivity.

==== Presenteeism ====
Even if people show up to work, they may not be performing at their best due to the effects of poor IAQ. This "presenteeism" can be just as costly as absenteeism.

== Property damage ==
Poor IAQ doesn't just affect people; it can also affect the building itself.

==== Mold and mildew ====
Excess moisture and poor ventilation can lead to mold growth, which can damage building materials like walls, ceilings, and flooring.

==== Structural damage ====
In severe cases, mold can even compromise the structural integrity of a building.

==== Increased maintenance costs ====
Dealing with mold and other IAQ problems requires specialized cleaning and repairs, which can be expensive.

=== Other aspects ===

* '''Decreased property value:''' A building with known IAQ problems can be difficult to sell or rent, leading to a decrease in property value.
* '''Negative publicity:''' In commercial settings, poor IAQ can lead to negative publicity and damage a business's reputation.

Ventilation

2026-09-03T06:52:50Z

Doris:

Ventilation is the exchange of indoor air with air from outdoors and the distribution of this air within the space.

It is fundamental for ensuring indoor air quality as it helps to:

* '''dilute pollutants:''' by introducing outdoor air, ventilation reduces the concentration of pollutants generated indoors;

* '''remove pollutants:''' ventilation removes stale air containing pollutants, moisture, and odors;

* '''control humidity:''' proper ventilation can help maintain comfortable humidity levels, preventing issues like mold growth and condensation.

== Types of ventilation ==
Ventilation airflow is driven by pressure difference. Ventilation can be classified into different types, depending on how the pressure difference driving the airflow is created: mechanically forced airflow or naturally induced airflow.

=== Mechanical ventilation ===
Mechanical ventilation uses fans to control the amount of air supplied to the building.

Mechanical ventilation offers several key benefits. It allows for precise control over the amount of air entering a space, ensuring a consistent and adequate supply of outdoor air. Additionally, the air can be filtered, removing outdoor air pollutants, and the supply air temperature can be adjusted for optimal comfort. Furthermore, heat recovery systems can be integrated to conserve energy by transferring heat from outgoing air to incoming air.

While the initial setup and ongoing maintenance of mechanical ventilation may be more costly, its ability to maintain a reliable ventilation rate and ensure good indoor air quality makes it a worthwhile investment.

=== Natural ventilation ===
Natural ventilation is the process of air entering a building through openings like windows, doors, and vents. Natural ventilation is driven by natural forces (wind and buoyancy).

Because the airflow is not well controlled, it can often lead to insufficient ventilation rates. Furthermore, natural ventilation can be problematic in areas with high air pollution or old outdoor temperatures, as the incoming air is neither filtered nor conditioned.

=== Hybrid ventilation ===
Hybrid ventilation is a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation methods to manage airflow in buildings.

== Ventilation rate ==
The ventilation rate is the amount of outdoor air that is supplied to a space per unit of time. It is a critical factor in maintaining good IAQ as it directly influences the concentration of pollutants and moisture levels.

The recommended ventilation rate depends on the specific use of the space and the number of occupants. Generally, higher ventilation rates are recommended for spaces with more occupants or where pollutant sources are present.

== Air distribution ==
Air distribution refers to the way that air is circulated and spread within a space. It determines how much how effectively outdoor air reaches all areas of a space and how efficiently stale air is removed.

== How to assess ventilation performance ==
Ventilation performance can be assessed using two key indices: air change efficiency and ventilation effectiveness.

Air exchange efficiency describes how well outdoor air is distributed within a room, while ventilation effectiveness measures how well airborne pollutants are removed.

=== Air exchange efficiency ===
This indicates how effectively fresh air is distributed within a room. It is influenced by factors such as the location of supply and exhaust outlets, the layout of the room, and the presence of obstacles to airflow. A higher air exchange efficiency means that outdoor air is more evenly distributed, reducing the risk of stagnant zones where pollutants can accumulate.

Air exchange efficiency can be measured using tracer gas techniques. A tracer gas is released into the room, and its concentration is measured at different locations over time. The data is then used to calculate how quickly and uniformly the tracer gas is mixed with the room air.

=== Ventilation effectiveness ===
This measures how efficiently a ventilation system removes airborne pollutants from a space. It takes into account not only the ventilation rate but also the location of pollutant sources and the airflow patterns within the room. A higher ventilation effectiveness means that pollutants are removed more quickly and effectively, leading to better indoor air quality.

Ventilation effectiveness can be measured using tracer gas techniques. In this case, the tracer gas is released at the location of a pollutant source, and its concentration is measured at the exhaust vent. The ventilation effectiveness is then calculated as the ratio of the tracer gas concentration at the exhaust to the concentration at the source.

Template:MainPage

2026-08-31T06:31:07Z

Doris: /* Framework for action */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation|'''Ventilation''']]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns|'''Campaigns''']]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|'''Materials''']]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Template:MainPage

2026-08-31T06:20:57Z

Doris: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns|'''Campaigns''']]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|'''Materials''']]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Template:MainPage

2026-08-31T06:16:10Z

Doris: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|'''Campaigns''']]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|'''Materials''']]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Template:MainPage

2026-08-31T06:15:21Z

Doris: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[['''Campaigns''']]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|'''Materials''']]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Filtration and air cleaning

2026-08-24T14:07:17Z

Doris:

Filtration and air cleaning are methods for improving indoor air quality by removing pollutants and contaminants from the air, thus lowering the pollutant concentration indoors.

There are a variety of different technologies that can be used for filtration and air cleaning. The selection of appropriate technology for a given application will depend on the types of contaminants that need to be removed and the size of the space.

== Filtration ==
Filtration is a process that physically removes particles from the air by passing the air through a filter medium.

== Air cleaning ==
Air cleaning encompasses a broader range of technologies and methods that remove or neutralize contaminants from the air, including both particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.

Mechanism:

* '''Physical processes:''' Similar to filtration, air cleaning can involve mechanical processes to remove particles.
* '''Chemical processes:''' Air cleaning can also involve chemical reactions to neutralize or remove gaseous pollutants.
* '''Biological processes:''' Some air cleaners use biological methods to remove contaminants.

Ventilation

2026-08-24T14:06:31Z

Doris:

Ventilation is the exchange of indoor air with air from outdoors and the distribution of this air within the space.

It is fundamental for ensuring indoor air quality as it helps to:

* dilute pollutants: by introducing outdoor air, ventilation reduces the concentration of pollutants generated indoors;

* remove pollutants: ventilation removes stale air containing pollutants, moisture, and odors;

* control humidity: proper ventilation can help maintain comfortable humidity levels, preventing issues like mold growth and condensation.

== Types of ventilation ==
Ventilation airflow is driven by pressure difference. Ventilation can be classified into different types, depending on how the pressure difference driving the airflow is created: mechanically forced airflow or naturally induced airflow.

=== Mechanical ventilation ===
Mechanical ventilation uses fans to control the amount of air supplied to the building.

Mechanical ventilation offers several key benefits. It allows for precise control over the amount of air entering a space, ensuring a consistent and adequate supply of outdoor air. Additionally, the air can be filtered, removing outdoor air pollutants, and the supply air temperature can be adjusted for optimal comfort. Furthermore, heat recovery systems can be integrated to conserve energy by transferring heat from outgoing air to incoming air.

While the initial setup and ongoing maintenance of mechanical ventilation may be more costly, its ability to maintain a reliable ventilation rate and ensure good indoor air quality makes it a worthwhile investment.

=== Natural ventilation ===
Natural ventilation is the process of air entering a building through openings like windows, doors, and vents. Natural ventilation is driven by natural forces (wind and buoyancy).

Because the airflow is not well controlled, it can often lead to insufficient ventilation rates. Furthermore, natural ventilation can be problematic in areas with high air pollution or old outdoor temperatures, as the incoming air is neither filtered nor conditioned.

=== Hybrid ventilation ===
Hybrid ventilation is a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation methods to manage airflow in buildings.

== Ventilation rate ==
The ventilation rate is the amount of outdoor air that is supplied to a space per unit of time. It is a critical factor in maintaining good IAQ as it directly influences the concentration of pollutants and moisture levels.

The recommended ventilation rate depends on the specific use of the space and the number of occupants. Generally, higher ventilation rates are recommended for spaces with more occupants or where pollutant sources are present.

== Air distribution ==
Air distribution refers to the way that air is circulated and spread within a space. It determines how much how effectively outdoor air reaches all areas of a space and how efficiently stale air is removed.

== How to assess ventilation performance ==
Ventilation performance can be assessed using two key indices: air change efficiency and ventilation effectiveness.

Air exchange efficiency describes how well outdoor air is distributed within a room, while ventilation effectiveness measures how well airborne pollutants are removed.

=== Air exchange efficiency ===
This indicates how effectively fresh air is distributed within a room. It is influenced by factors such as the location of supply and exhaust outlets, the layout of the room, and the presence of obstacles to airflow. A higher air exchange efficiency means that outdoor air is more evenly distributed, reducing the risk of stagnant zones where pollutants can accumulate.

Air exchange efficiency can be measured using tracer gas techniques. A tracer gas is released into the room, and its concentration is measured at different locations over time. The data is then used to calculate how quickly and uniformly the tracer gas is mixed with the room air.

=== Ventilation effectiveness ===
This measures how efficiently a ventilation system removes airborne pollutants from a space. It takes into account not only the ventilation rate but also the location of pollutant sources and the airflow patterns within the room. A higher ventilation effectiveness means that pollutants are removed more quickly and effectively, leading to better indoor air quality.

Ventilation effectiveness can be measured using tracer gas techniques. In this case, the tracer gas is released at the location of a pollutant source, and its concentration is measured at the exhaust vent. The ventilation effectiveness is then calculated as the ratio of the tracer gas concentration at the exhaust to the concentration at the source.

Measuring IAQ

2026-08-24T14:05:58Z

Doris:

Why measure IAQ? Monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) is crucial for maintaining a healthy and comfortable living or working environment. Poor IAQ can lead to various health problems, including respiratory issues, allergies, and even cardiovascular diseases. By measuring IAQ, you can identify potential problems and take steps to improve the air you breathe.

== How to measure IAQ ==
There are two main approaches to measuring IAQ:

=== Low-cost Sensors ===
These sensors are affordable and easy to use, making them accessible to individuals and organizations with limited resources. They can measure various parameters, including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM2.5). While they may not be as accurate as professional equipment, they can provide valuable insights into IAQ trends and help identify potential issues.

=== Professional monitoring equipment ===
This equipment is more expensive and complex but offers higher accuracy and precision. It is often used for in-depth investigations and research purposes.

=== Choosing the right sensor ===
When selecting an IAQ sensor, consider the following factors:

* '''Parameters to measure''': Determine which IAQ parameters are most relevant to your needs. For example, if you are concerned about ventilation, a CO2 sensor would be essential.
* '''Accuracy and precision''': Choose a sensor that offers the level of accuracy and precision required for your purposes. Low-cost sensors may be sufficient for general monitoring, while professional equipment may be necessary for research or regulatory compliance.
* '''Ease of use''': Consider the user-friendliness of the sensor, including its setup, operation, and data interpretation.
* '''Cost''': Determine your budget and choose a sensor that fits your financial constraints.

== Measuring IAQ parameters ==

=== Key IAQ parameters ===
* '''Carbon Dioxide (CO2):''' Use a CO2 sensor to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. Levels above 1000 ppm may indicate inadequate ventilation.
* '''Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):''' Use a VOC sensor to detect the presence of these chemicals. However, note that these sensors often provide general readings and may not identify specific VOCs.
* '''Particulate Matter (PM2.5):''' Use a PM2.5 sensor to measure the concentration of fine particulate matter.
* '''Temperature and Humidity:''' Use a temperature and humidity sensor to monitor these parameters. Ideal indoor temperature ranges from 20-25°C, and relative humidity should be between 30-60%.

=== Sensor placement and measurement duration ===

* '''Placement''': Place sensors in areas where people spend the most time, such as living rooms, bedrooms, and offices. Avoid placing them near windows or doors, as this can affect readings.
* '''Duration''': For long-term monitoring, continuous measurements are ideal. For short-term assessments, measure for at least 24 hours to capture daily variations.

=== Data interpretation and action ===
Once you have collected IAQ data, it's important to [[Interpreting the Data|interpret the results]] and take appropriate action. Compare your readings to recommended guidelines and standards, such as the [[World Health Organization Guidelines|WHO air quality guidelines]]. If you identify any issues, consider implementing measures to improve IAQ, such as increasing [[ventilation]], using [[Filtration and air cleaning|air filters]], or [[Source control|controlling pollutant sources]].

== EDIAQI's Role ==
The EDIAQI project is actively researching and developing tools to improve IAQ measurement and understanding. The project is evaluating the performance of various low-cost sensors and developing guidelines for their use. Additionally, the EDIAQI IAQ Simulator provides a user-friendly tool for predicting indoor air pollution levels based on your specific location and building characteristics.

Measuring IAQ

2026-08-24T13:59:41Z

Doris:

Why measure IAQ? Monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) is crucial for maintaining a healthy and comfortable living or working environment. Poor IAQ can lead to various health problems, including respiratory issues, allergies, and even cardiovascular diseases. By measuring IAQ, you can identify potential problems and take steps to improve the air you breathe.

== How to measure IAQ ==
There are two main approaches to measuring IAQ:

=== Low-cost Sensors ===
These sensors are affordable and easy to use, making them accessible to individuals and organizations with limited resources. They can measure various parameters, including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM2.5). While they may not be as accurate as professional equipment, they can provide valuable insights into IAQ trends and help identify potential issues.

=== Professional monitoring equipment ===
This equipment is more expensive and complex but offers higher accuracy and precision. It is often used for in-depth investigations and research purposes.

=== Choosing the right sensor ===
When selecting an IAQ sensor, consider the following factors:

* '''Parameters to measure''': Determine which IAQ parameters are most relevant to your needs. For example, if you are concerned about ventilation, a CO2 sensor would be essential.
* '''Accuracy and precision''': Choose a sensor that offers the level of accuracy and precision required for your purposes. Low-cost sensors may be sufficient for general monitoring, while professional equipment may be necessary for research or regulatory compliance.
* '''Ease of use''': Consider the user-friendliness of the sensor, including its setup, operation, and data interpretation.
* '''Cost''': Determine your budget and choose a sensor that fits your financial constraints.

== Measuring IAQ parameters ==

=== Key IAQ parameters ===
* '''Carbon Dioxide (CO2):''' Use a CO2 sensor to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. Levels above 1000 ppm may indicate inadequate ventilation.
* '''Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):''' Use a VOC sensor to detect the presence of these chemicals. However, note that these sensors often provide general readings and may not identify specific VOCs.
* '''Particulate Matter (PM2.5):''' Use a PM2.5 sensor to measure the concentration of fine particulate matter.
* '''Temperature and Humidity:''' Use a temperature and humidity sensor to monitor these parameters. Ideal indoor temperature ranges from 20-25°C, and relative humidity should be between 30-60%.

=== Sensor placement and measurement duration ===

* '''Placement''': Place sensors in areas where people spend the most time, such as living rooms, bedrooms, and offices. Avoid placing them near windows or doors, as this can affect readings.
* '''Duration''': For long-term monitoring, continuous measurements are ideal. For short-term assessments, measure for at least 24 hours to capture daily variations.

=== Data interpretation and action ===
Once you have collected IAQ data, it's important to interpret the results and take appropriate action. Compare your readings to recommended guidelines and standards, such as the WHO air quality guidelines. If you identify any issues, consider implementing measures to improve IAQ, such as increasing ventilation, using air filters, or controlling pollutant sources.

== EDIAQI's Role ==
The EDIAQI project is actively researching and developing tools to improve IAQ measurement and understanding. The project is evaluating the performance of various low-cost sensors and developing guidelines for their use. Additionally, the EDIAQI IAQ Simulator provides a user-friendly tool for predicting indoor air pollution levels based on your specific location and building characteristics.

Sources of indoor air pollutants

2026-08-24T13:58:03Z

Doris:

Indoor air pollutants can originate from various sources, both inside and outside the building. These pollutants can be either anthropogenic (caused by human activities) or natural.

== Combustion sources ==
Combustion processes, such as those from gas stoves, fireplaces, and smoking, release various pollutants into the air:

* '''Carbon monoxide (CO)'''
* '''Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)'''
* '''Particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>)'''
* '''Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)'''

== Building Materials and Furnishings ==
Many building materials and furnishings can emit VOCs, including:

* '''Paints and varnishes:''' These often contain solvents that release VOCs as they dry.
* '''Adhesives and sealants:''' Used in construction and renovations, these can emit VOCs for extended periods.
* '''Carpets and flooring:''' Some carpets and flooring materials can release VOCs, especially when new.
* '''Furniture:''' Certain types of furniture, particularly those made with pressed wood products, can emit formaldehyde, a type of VOC.

== Household Products ==
A wide range of household products can contribute to indoor air pollution:

* '''Cleaning products'''
* '''Personal care products'''
* '''Pesticides and insecticides'''

== Biological Sources ==
Biological pollutants are living organisms or substances derived from them that can cause health problems.

* '''Mold''': Mold spores can trigger allergies and respiratory problems. Mold growth is often associated with dampness and poor ventilation.
* '''Bacteria and viruses:''' These can cause infections and illnesses.
* '''Dust mites:''' Microscopic creatures that feed on dead skin cells and can trigger allergies and asthma.
* '''Pet dander:''' Tiny flakes of skin shed by pets that can cause allergies.

== Indoor activities ==
Various indoor activities can contribute to indoor air pollution:

* '''Cooking:''' Cooking activities can release PM, VOCs, and other pollutants into the air.
* '''Personal activities:''' Smoking, using hobby materials, and even breathing can contribute to indoor air pollution.

== Outdoor environment ==

=== Soil ===
* '''Radon:''' A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can seep into buildings from the ground and is a leading cause of lung cancer.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Main indoor air pollutants

2026-08-24T13:43:40Z

Doris:

Indoor air can contain a wide range of pollutants originating from both indoor and outdoor sources. Their concentrations depend on factors such as building materials, occupant activities, ventilation, combustion processes and outdoor air quality. Understanding the main indoor air pollutants, their sources and potential effects is essential for assessing indoor air quality and selecting appropriate monitoring and control strategies.

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air. Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

'''Airborne Spores'''

These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.

* '''Hyphal fragments:''' These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.

* '''Mycotoxins:''' Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").

* '''Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs):''' Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne bacterial cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne viral particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common indoor viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest allergens:'''
** '''Dust mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed skin cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Template:MainPage

2026-08-24T13:41:09Z

Doris: /* Welcome to EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
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<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|Materials]]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

D7.3 One-pager: Dissemination, Communication and Networking Report – Version 1

2026-08-24T13:38:37Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:D7_3_onepager_image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D7.3%20Dissemination%2C%20Communication%2C%20and%20Networking%20Report%20-%20Version%201.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents the first EDIAQI report on dissemination, communication and networking. It summarises the activities carried out during the first 12 months of the project and explains how [[About the project|EDIAQI]] built its initial public presence, stakeholder community, website, social media channels, newsletters, events, blog articles and project communication materials.

The report also updates the Communication, Networking Plan and Dissemination Strategy from D7.2 and outlines the next phase of activities. The main focus of the first year was to create awareness, build the EDIAQI community and prepare the ground for deeper stakeholder involvement in the following project phases.

== Why is this topic important? ==
The EDIAQI project deals with [[What is IAQ?|indoor air quality]], a topic that affects homeowners, schools, kindergartens, municipalities, building owners, researchers, industry and policymakers. Scientific results alone are not enough to create impact. The project also needs to communicate why indoor air quality matters, how EDIAQI solutions work, and how different stakeholders can use the project’s results.

Communication and dissemination help make the project visible and understandable. Networking helps build long-term relationships with other research projects, policy actors, stakeholders and communities working on indoor air quality. Together, these activities support the long-term legacy of EDIAQI.

The report treats the communication and dissemination strategy as a living document. This means that activities, channels and messages can be adjusted as the project develops, based on lessons learned, stakeholder feedback and new opportunities.

== Key messages ==
* '''The first year focused on building the EDIAQI community:''' EDIAQI used its website, social media, events, blog articles, newsletters and communication materials to create a community of interest around indoor air quality.

* '''Communication, dissemination and networking are connected:''' Social media posts, blog articles, events, newsletters, scientific publications and policy engagement all support each other. Online and physical communication were used together to increase visibility and engagement.

* '''The EDIAQI website became the central information hub:''' The website was developed as the main source for project information, pilot and campaign descriptions, blog articles, resources, videos and downloadable materials.

* '''LinkedIn became the strongest social media channel:''' LinkedIn performed best among EDIAQI social channels in the first reporting period, especially for reaching professional audiences, researchers, stakeholders and the indoor air quality community.

* '''Events were important for visibility and networking:''' EDIAQI participated in or hosted 10 events during the first year, exceeding the expected annual event KPI. The International Air Protection Conference in Dubrovnik was a major networking and dissemination milestone.

* '''The IDEAL Cluster is central to networking:''' EDIAQI collaborates with other Horizon Europe indoor air quality projects through the IDEAL Cluster to strengthen policy impact, data alignment, communication and scientific exchange.

* '''The next phase shifts from promotion to involvement:''' After the first 12 months, EDIAQI moves towards deeper stakeholder engagement, calls to action, policy outreach, workshops, webinars, newsletters and further dissemination of project results.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
During the first 12 months, EDIAQI implemented the promotion phase of its communication, networking and dissemination strategy. This phase aimed to raise awareness, attract stakeholders and establish a community of interest around the project.

The project developed and updated its website, created a blog section, launched and maintained social media channels, produced newsletters, published project updates, created communication materials and disseminated scientific and project-related content.

EDIAQI also presented the project at several events and conferences. A major activity was the International Air Protection Conference 2023 in Dubrovnik, where EDIAQI organised a dedicated indoor air quality session and workshop involving more than 100 participants.

The project also strengthened networking through the IDEAL Cluster, a collaboration between Horizon Europe projects working on indoor air quality, health, sensors, policy, data and communication.

== Main communication and dissemination channels ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Channel
! style="width:75%;" | Role in EDIAQI
|-
| '''Website'''
| The main public information hub for the project. It includes project information, pilot and campaign pages, blog articles, resources, training materials and videos.
|-
| '''Blog articles'''
| Used to explain project progress, policy developments, scientific findings, events, publications, awareness topics and indoor air quality issues in an accessible format.
|-
| '''Social media'''
| Used to raise awareness, share project updates, promote blog articles, disseminate events and publications, and connect with stakeholders. LinkedIn was the strongest-performing channel in the first year.
|-
| '''YouTube'''
| Used for pilot and campaign videos and training materials. Videos help make scientific work more accessible and personal.
|-
| '''Newsletter'''
| Used to provide structured updates to the EDIAQI community, including publications, articles, events, materials, videos and project progress.
|-
| '''Events and conferences'''
| Used to present EDIAQI results, engage researchers, policymakers, public authorities, industry and the wider IAQ community.
|-
| '''Communication materials'''
| Flyers, posters, roll-ups, presentation templates and transparency labels were used to support project visibility and EU funding acknowledgement.
|}

== What does this mean in practice? ==
The deliverable shows how EDIAQI communicates with different audiences and how these audiences can be involved in the project over time.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| Communication activities help make indoor air quality information easier to understand and more visible to the general public.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| Pilot videos, awareness activities and future outreach can help educational buildings understand IAQ risks, monitoring and improvement options.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Events, website content and dissemination materials can help building owners learn about IAQ monitoring, sensors and potential building-level solutions.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Policy engagement, pilot communication and public-facing materials support municipalities interested in healthier public buildings and IAQ-related decision-making.
|-
| '''Researchers'''
| Scientific publications, conferences, the IDEAL Cluster and EDIAQI networking activities support collaboration and knowledge exchange.
|-
| '''Industry stakeholders'''
| Events, social media, website content and networking help communicate potential market-relevant solutions, including monitoring technologies and data tools.
|-
| '''Policy-makers and regulators'''
| The policy engagement plan, EDIAQI Wiki, IDEAL Cluster and future outreach aim to connect EDIAQI results with EU and national policy discussions on indoor air quality.
|-
| '''EDIAQI partners'''
| The report provides a shared overview of what communication actions have worked, where improvements are needed and what activities should come next.
|}

== Networking and the IDEAL Cluster ==
EDIAQI uses networking to build long-term relationships with projects, stakeholders and communities working on indoor air quality. A key element is participation in the IDEAL Cluster, which brings together Horizon Europe projects addressing indoor air quality, health, sensors, data, policy and communication.

EDIAQI contributes to IDEAL Cluster working groups on topics such as:
* translating scientific research into policy and practice;
* collaboration and standardisation of data analysis and management;
* communication and dissemination;
* standardisation;
* sensors;
* health outcomes;
* in-vitro models.

The report highlights links with other indoor air quality projects, including InChildHealth, INQUIRE, K-HEALTHinAIR, LEARN, SynAir-G and TwinAIR.

== Recommendations and next steps ==
* '''Continue treating the strategy as a living document:''' Communication and dissemination should be adjusted based on stakeholder feedback, project progress and new opportunities.
* '''Strengthen the EDIAQI community:''' Future activities should move from awareness raising towards active involvement of stakeholders.
* '''Use LinkedIn as a priority professional channel:''' LinkedIn performed strongest in the first year and should remain central for professional and stakeholder engagement.
* '''Improve underperforming channels:''' X, Facebook, Instagram, Mastodon and YouTube may need adjusted KPIs, more targeted content or different formats.
* '''Use more calls to action:''' The involvement phase should encourage stakeholders to comment, register, participate, attend events and engage with project outputs.
* '''Continue publishing blog articles:''' Blog content helps explain scientific, policy and project developments in an accessible way.
* '''Increase newsletter uptake:''' The newsletter should remain a key tool for building and maintaining the EDIAQI community.
* '''Strengthen policy engagement:''' EDIAQI should continue mapping policy stakeholders and preparing outreach linked to EU air quality and zero-pollution policy processes.
* '''Use IDEAL Cluster collaboration strategically:''' Cluster activities can increase EDIAQI’s reach, align communication and support policy impact.
* '''Maintain accessibility:''' Deliverables and communication materials should continue following accessibility principles, including meaningful links, alternative text, clear headings and readable formatting.

== Limitations ==
This report covers only the first 12 months of a 48-month project. Several communication and dissemination KPIs are expected to progress more strongly during later project phases, especially once more project results become available.

Some social media channels underperformed compared with their original KPIs, while LinkedIn performed strongly. This suggests that future communication planning may need to adjust channel priorities and possibly revise some platform-specific KPIs.

The report also notes that policy engagement is still developing. A policy engagement plan and supporting resources were being prepared, with stronger outreach planned for the next phase.

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[What is IAQ?|Indoor Air Quality]]
* [[About the project|EDIAQI project]]
* [[Pilot studies|EDIAQI pilots]]
* [[Sensors]]
* [[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|Data visualisation]]
* [[Why IAQ Policies Matter|Policy recommendations]]
* [[EU regulations and guidelines#EU's Zero Pollution Action Plan and its Focus on Air Quality|Zero Pollution Action Plan]]

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'''[+] View technical source and page metadata'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D7.3 – ''Dissemination, Communication and Networking Report – Version 1''
* '''Work Package:''' WP7 – MONITOR
* '''Lead partner:''' The Lisbon Council
* '''Original deliverable type:''' R – Document, report
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 30 November 2023
* '''Version:''' Final
* '''Reporting period:''' First 12 months of the EDIAQI project
* '''Follow-up reports:''' D7.7, D7.8 and D7.9

</div>
</div>

About the project

2026-08-24T13:38:25Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:ediaqi-logo2.webp|200px|link=https://ediaqi.eu/]]
| below =
'''Links'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/ Official Website]'''
* '''[https://www.linkedin.com/company/ediaqi-project/posts/?feedView=all LinkedIn]'''
* '''[https://www.youtube.com/@ediaqi-project Youtube]'''
* '''[https://www.instagram.com/ediaqi_project/ Instagram]'''
* '''[https://www.facebook.com/ediaqiproject.eu/ Facebook]'''
* '''[https://x.com/ediaqi_project Twitter]'''

}}

The EDIAQI (Evidence Driven Indoor Air Quality Improvement) project is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework program. The project aims to address the emerging threat of indoor air pollution, which has been linked to numerous health issues and has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased time spent indoors.

== Project Goals ==
* '''Characterize and monitor indoor air pollution:''' Identify and quantify sources, exposure routes, and dispersion of chemical, biological, and emerging indoor air pollutants in multiple European cities.
* '''Develop monitoring solutions:''' Create cost-effective and user-friendly tools for monitoring indoor air quality, including low-cost sensors and state-of-the-art instrumentation.
* '''Assess health effects:''' Investigate the short- and long-term health effects of indoor air pollution, with a focus on vulnerable groups like children and those with pre-existing conditions.
* '''Inform policy and guidelines:''' Provide science-based evidence to support the revision of indoor air quality standards and regulations.
* '''Raise awareness and promote action:''' Educate the public and stakeholders about indoor air quality issues and empower them to take action to improve their indoor environments.

== Project Approach ==
EDIAQI employs a transdisciplinary approach, combining expertise from various fields, including data science, technology, medicine, toxicology, environmental science, and policy design. The project conducts intensive measurement campaigns, pilot studies, and clinical research to gather comprehensive data on indoor air pollution and its health impacts. This data is then used to develop innovative monitoring solutions, assess health risks, and inform policy recommendations.

== Expected Impact ==
The EDIAQI project aims to make significant contributions to improving indoor air quality in Europe and beyond. By providing accessible information, user-friendly tools, and science-based recommendations, the project seeks to empower individuals, communities, and policymakers to create healthier indoor environments. The project's findings are expected to inform policy changes, drive technological innovation, and ultimately improve public health.

== Get Involved ==
Explore the EDIAQI wiki to learn more about indoor air quality, the project's findings, and how you can take action to improve the air you breathe. You can also use the EDIAQI IAQ Simulator to assess the air quality in your own home or building. Join us in our mission to create healthier indoor environments for everyone.

D4.6 One-pager: Privacy and IoT Security Report - Version 1

2026-08-24T13:27:46Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:D4_6_onepager_image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D4.6%20Privacy%20and%20IoT%20Security%20Report%20-%20Version%201.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents the first EDIAQI report on privacy and IoT security. It evaluates how [[What is IAQ?|indoor air quality]] monitoring data are collected, transmitted, stored, shared and protected in EDIAQI pilots and campaigns. The report also gives recommendations on how to improve data privacy and security when using IoT systems for indoor air quality monitoring.

The deliverable focuses on two closely connected topics: '''IoT security''' and '''data privacy'''. IoT security deals with the technical protection of sensors, gateways, cloud systems, APIs and user interfaces. Data privacy deals with protecting individuals, organisations and buildings from being identified or profiled through indoor climate data.

== Why is this topic important? ==
Indoor air quality monitoring systems collect data from real buildings, rooms and occupied spaces. At first, indoor climate data may seem harmless because it usually contains environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO<sub>2</sub>, [[particulate matter]] or [[Volatile organic compounds|VOCs]]. However, these data can reveal much more.

Indoor climate data may show when a room is occupied, when people are active, when a building is used, how ventilation systems operate, or what routines exist in homes, schools, offices and other buildings. If such information is not properly protected, it could be misused for profiling, unethical business practices, surveillance, or even planning malicious activities.

For this reason, privacy and security are essential for trustworthy indoor air quality monitoring. Users are more likely to accept sensors and monitoring systems when they know that their data are protected, that only necessary data are collected, and that shared data cannot be traced back to specific people, rooms, buildings or organisations.

== Key messages ==
* '''Indoor air quality data can be sensitive:''' Even when data are environmental, they may reveal private information about people’s routines, building use and organisational activities.

* '''Privacy must be built into the system design:''' Data privacy should not be added at the end. It should be considered from the beginning when deciding what data to collect, where sensors are placed, how data are transmitted and who can access the results.

* '''Data minimisation is a core principle:''' Only data that are necessary for the monitoring objective should be collected. This includes selecting the right parameters, the right time resolution and the right monitoring locations.

* '''Security is needed across the full IoT stack:''' Protection is needed at device level, gateway level, cloud level, API level and user-interface level. Encryption, authentication, authorisation and secure software updates are important at different layers.

* '''Anonymisation is essential before wider data sharing:''' EDIAQI data should be anonymised so that research data cannot be traced back to specific individuals, buildings, organisations or exact addresses.

* '''Sensor data should remain useful for research:''' The report notes that anonymising the actual sensor values or timestamps may reduce scientific value. Therefore, anonymisation should mainly focus on location and identifying metadata.

* '''EDIAQI security measures are generally satisfactory:''' The report gives a positive overall assessment of the applied security measures, while noting that end-to-end security and long-term privacy must continue to be evaluated.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
The EDIAQI team reviewed privacy and IoT security principles relevant to indoor air quality monitoring. The report explains why indoor climate data can be sensitive and how privacy risks can arise even when no direct personal data are collected.

The report describes privacy principles for EDIAQI, including data minimisation, secure data transmission and management, anonymisation, user consent and transparency. It also explains security methods at device, gateway and cloud levels.

The deliverable then assesses the technical solutions used by EDIAQI technology providers and data platforms:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | System / provider
! style="width:75%;" | Security approach described in the deliverable
|-
| '''Lab Service Analytica / NetPID™'''
| Sensors send authenticated and authorised data through Amazon AWS services. Communication uses secured Wi-Fi, HTTPS and TLS encryption. Cloud access uses certificates and AWS security services such as Cognito. Data can also be accessed securely through dashboards and API gateway services.
|-
| '''WINGS / AIRWINGS'''
| Security is described at device, communication and protocol levels. The system can use AES encryption, secure narrowband communication, Wi-Fi security such as WPA2, and several communication technologies including NB-IoT, LoRa, GPRS, 4G/5G and Wi-Fi. API access uses HTTPS requests and token validation.
|-
| '''Thinnect'''
| The solution uses wireless sensor devices, an Edge gateway and a cloud platform. Mesh networking is used for sensor communication. Security includes Edge Public Key Infrastructure, TLS, SSH, VPN-style secure connections, certificates, token-based authentication and role-based access control.
|-
| '''FROST Server'''
| EDIAQI uses FROST Server to collect data from individual platforms into a common SensorThings API environment. Standard role-based FROST security measures are used for confidentiality and privacy, including server-to-server security.
|}

The report also maps which SensorThings API data elements may need anonymisation. For example, location names, building names, room names, verbose descriptions, exact coordinates, owner information, addresses and local building identifiers may require anonymisation before data are shared more widely.

== What does this mean in practice? ==
For EDIAQI, privacy and IoT security are necessary for responsible monitoring. The project aims to collect useful indoor air quality data while protecting the people and organisations connected to the monitored buildings.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| Monitoring data from homes may reveal routines, occupancy and daily habits. Privacy protection is essential before household IAQ data are stored, shared or analysed.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| Data from classrooms can reveal room use, occupancy patterns and building operation. Security and anonymisation are important when monitoring spaces used by children and staff.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Indoor climate data may reveal business routines, operational patterns or building management practices. Data privacy helps protect organisational confidentiality.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Municipalities responsible for public buildings need monitoring systems that protect building-level and user-level information while still enabling IAQ analysis across schools, kindergartens and offices.
|-
| '''EDIAQI pilot teams'''
| Pilot teams should collect only necessary data, use secure data transmission, document access rules and ensure that sensitive location metadata are anonymised where needed.
|-
| '''EDIAQI technical partners'''
| Technical partners should maintain end-to-end security across sensors, gateways, cloud platforms, APIs, dashboards and data-sharing services.
|-
| '''Researchers'''
| Researchers need access to useful IAQ datasets, but these datasets should be prepared so that exact locations, organisations and people cannot be re-identified.
|}

=== Privacy principles ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Principle
! style="width:75%;" | Meaning for EDIAQI
|-
| '''Data minimisation'''
| Collect only the data needed for the monitoring objective. Avoid unnecessary parameters, excessive time resolution and unnecessary monitoring locations.
|-
| '''Secure transmission and management'''
| Use encryption, authentication and authorisation when data move between sensors, gateways, cloud systems, APIs and user interfaces.
|-
| '''Anonymisation'''
| Remove or generalise information that could identify specific individuals, organisations, buildings, rooms or exact addresses.
|-
| '''Consent and transparency'''
| Users should know what data are collected, why they are collected, how they are used, how long they are kept and who can access them.
|-
| '''Access control'''
| Data access should be limited to authorised users and systems. Role-based access control should be used where appropriate.
|}

=== IoT security layers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Layer
! style="width:75%;" | Security focus
|-
| '''Device level'''
| Secure hardware, local communication, encrypted stored data where relevant, protection against unauthorised access, and secure firmware updates.
|-
| '''Gateway level'''
| Secure upstream communication, protected management interfaces, secure credential storage, managed messaging and secure remote updates.
|-
| '''Cloud level'''
| Secure cloud services, encrypted API and user access, authentication, authorisation, access logging, data backup and service continuity.
|-
| '''API and user-interface level'''
| Secure HTTPS connections, token-based authentication, role-based access rights and restricted data access for external users or systems.
|-
| '''Shared data level'''
| Anonymisation of identifying metadata before data are made available for research or wider analysis.
|}

== Recommendations ==
* '''Collect only necessary IAQ data:''' Avoid collecting data that are not needed for the scientific or monitoring purpose.
* '''Avoid unnecessary time resolution:''' Data should be frequent enough for analysis but not more detailed than needed.
* '''Place sensors only where monitoring is justified:''' Sensor placement should follow the pilot objective and avoid unnecessary observation of spaces.
* '''Encrypt data transmissions:''' Data should be protected between sensors, gateways, cloud platforms, APIs and user interfaces.
* '''Use authentication and authorisation:''' Only authorised devices, users and systems should be able to send, receive or access data.
* '''Keep software and firmware updated:''' Security updates are needed at device, gateway, server and cloud levels.
* '''Protect cloud platforms and APIs:''' Cloud services should use established security practices, secure access control and encrypted communication.
* '''Anonymise location metadata:''' Building names, room names, exact addresses, exact coordinates, owners and verbose descriptions should be anonymised where they could identify a person, organisation or building.
* '''Preserve scientific usefulness:''' Do not anonymise sensor values in ways that make them unusable for research. Focus anonymisation on identifying metadata.
* '''Be transparent with users:''' Users should understand what is collected, how it is used and how privacy is protected.
* '''Continue end-to-end evaluation:''' Security should be evaluated throughout the project, especially where data move across systems and providers.

== Limitations ==
This deliverable is Version 1 of the EDIAQI privacy and IoT security report. It provides an initial assessment and recommendations, but it does not represent the final security evaluation of all EDIAQI systems.

The report states that the current data security situation in EDIAQI is satisfactory after some improvements, but long-term data privacy cannot be guaranteed unless the recommendations are applied consistently. End-to-end data security and privacy still need continued evaluation.

The next report, D4.9, is expected to evaluate implemented improvements and address additional topics such as multi-factor authentication, API security, incident and intrusion detection, continuous monitoring, firewalls, security updates, backup and recovery, and possibly a small-scale cybersecurity exercise.

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'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[What is IAQ?|Indoor Air Quality]]
* [[Sensors]]
* [[Interoperability]]
* [[SensorThings API]]
* [[Internet of Things]]
* [[Data privacy]]
* [[FROST Server]]

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Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D4.6 – ''Privacy and IoT Security – Version 1''
* '''Work Package:''' WP4 – Pilots, data and campaigns
* '''Lead / main contributing partner:''' THIN / Thinnect
* '''Authors and contributors:''' LAS, WINGS, THIN
* '''Original deliverable type:''' R – Document, report
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 31 May 2024
* '''Actual submission date:''' 31 May 2024
* '''Version:''' Final
* '''Follow-up deliverable:''' D4.9 – next EDIAQI security report

</div>
</div>

D4.3 One-pager: Framework and Standards for Data Interoperability

2026-08-24T13:22:57Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:onepager-image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D4.3%20Framework%20and%20Standards%20for%20Data%20Interoperability%20-%20Version%201.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents the first version of the EDIAQI framework and standards for data [[interoperability]]. Its purpose is to define a common technical and semantic approach so that [[What is IAQ?|indoor air quality]] (IAQ) data collected in different EDIAQI pilots can be shared, accessed and interpreted in a consistent way. The framework combines machine-readable vocabularies, agreed data categories, open standards and open-source software components. This helps EDIAQI partners organise pilot data in a way that supports comparison, reuse and later analysis across the project.

== Why is this topic important? ==
Indoor air quality data are collected in different buildings, pilot sites and countries. These measurements may come from different [[sensors]], monitoring units, sampling methods, software tools and data platforms. Without common data structures and shared terminology, it becomes difficult to compare results between pilot sites or to combine data for project-level analysis.

This deliverable addresses that challenge by defining a shared semantic and technical framework for EDIAQI data. In practice, this means agreeing on what is measured, how each parameter is described, which units are used, how often data are sampled and reported, and how measurements are linked to buildings, rooms, sensors and locations.

For pilot coordinators, technical partners and data users, interoperability makes the collected information easier to exchange, understand, validate and reuse. It also supports the wider EDIAQI goal of making project data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable.
== Key messages ==
* '''A common data framework is essential:''' EDIAQI pilot data need shared rules so that measurements from different countries, buildings and sensor systems can be compared and reused. This includes common parameter names, units of measurement, sampling and reporting information, and consistent identifiers for data elements.

* '''Measurements need context:''' Indoor air quality values are more useful when they are linked to the room, building and monitoring setup where they were collected. The framework therefore includes auxiliary information such as room use, occupancy, ventilation type, building characteristics, floor area, glazed surface area and sensor placement.

* '''SensorThings API is the core model for dynamic monitoring data:''' The OGC SensorThings API is identified as the main standard for sharing dynamic EDIAQI sensor data in a formalised and interoperable way. In this model, monitoring units or samplers can be represented as '''Things''', measured rooms or building parts as '''Features of Interest''', measured parameters as '''Observed Properties''', and individual measurement values as '''Observations'''.

* '''Open-source tools support implementation:''' The deliverable recommends a reference open-source software stack for implementing the interoperability framework. FROST-Server is recommended for SensorThings API services, PostgreSQL/PostGIS for storing measurements and spatial data, GeoServer for WMS and WFS services, and QGIS for browsing and analysing geospatial data.

* '''Spatial information is central:''' EDIAQI data are linked to specific locations, buildings, rooms and monitoring points. The framework therefore uses geospatial standards and tools to describe where observations are made and to prepare future links between monitoring data, building information and spatial models.

* '''This is a first version and further development is planned:''' D4.3 presents Version 1 of the interoperability framework. Further work is planned in D4.7, including discovery metadata, additional vocabularies, biological and toxicological parameters, lifestyle metadata from questionnaires, and further mapping towards CityGML or INSPIRE building data models.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
The EDIAQI project team reviewed relevant open standards and technical specifications from international and European organisations, including OGC, ISO, CEN, W3C and INSPIRE. Based on this review, the project defined a first common approach for organising and sharing EDIAQI data.

The work covered both semantic interoperability and technical interoperability. Semantic interoperability focuses on the meaning of data: parameter names, units, measurement methods, reporting values and contextual information. Technical interoperability focuses on how data are exchanged between software components, databases and web services.

The project also mapped EDIAQI concepts to the SensorThings API data model. This included entities such as Things, Locations, Features of Interest, Sensors, Observed Properties, Observations and Datastreams. In addition, the project organised four training webinars between June and October 2023 to support partners in understanding and applying the selected standards and tools.
== What does this mean in practice? ==
The framework helps EDIAQI partners collect and share data in a consistent way across pilots and campaigns. It supports better comparison of measurements, clearer documentation of monitoring conditions and easier reuse of project data.

For non-technical users, the main practical value is that future indoor air quality information can be presented more consistently. For technical users, the value lies in having agreed standards, data models, vocabularies and software components for implementing interoperable data services.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| The deliverable is not aimed directly at household users, but it supports the future development of clearer and more consistent indoor air quality information. Standardised units and parameter names can help avoid confusion when results are shown in dashboards or reports.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| The framework supports the structured collection of air quality data together with contextual information such as room type, occupancy and ventilation. This can make it easier to interpret IAQ monitoring results in educational buildings.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Building owners and facility managers may benefit from more consistent monitoring data, especially when measurements are linked to room characteristics, sensor placement and building information.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Municipalities responsible for public buildings may benefit from standardised data structures when comparing measurements across schools, kindergartens, offices or other public facilities.
|-
| '''EDIAQI technical partners'''
| The framework provides practical guidance on how to structure, encode, share and access EDIAQI pilot data using open standards and open-source tools.
|}

== Recommendations ==
* '''Use the agreed EDIAQI data structure:''' Organise pilot data into metadata, measured data and auxiliary data so that measurements can be interpreted in context.
* '''Apply shared vocabularies:''' Use the identified EIONET, ECHA and INSPIRE/GEMET references where applicable to describe pollutants, units, measurement methods and building use.
* '''Use SensorThings API for dynamic sensor data:''' Dynamic measurements from monitoring systems should be mapped to the SensorThings API model wherever relevant.
* '''Document the measurement context:''' Air quality values should be accompanied by information about the room, building, occupancy, ventilation type and sensor placement.
* '''Follow EDIAQI naming conventions:''' Use consistent identifiers for Things, Locations, Sensors, Features of Interest and Datastreams to avoid ambiguity in the data platform.
* '''Prefer open-source components where possible:''' FROST, PostgreSQL/PostGIS, GeoServer and QGIS are recommended reference tools for implementing the framework.
* '''Prepare for later metadata and building-model integration:''' Pilot teams should consider how their data could later be connected to discovery metadata, CityGML or INSPIRE Buildings models.

== Limitations ==
This deliverable represents the first version of the EDIAQI interoperability framework. At this stage, the semantic framework focuses mainly on physical and chemical air quality parameters.

Several elements are planned for later development. These include indoor biological parameters, indoor toxicological parameters, lifestyle metadata from questionnaires, additional outdoor air pollution semantics from external sources, discovery metadata for making data more findable, and further mapping towards CityGML or INSPIRE Buildings models.

The document is mainly technical and is intended to guide the organisation, exchange and reuse of data. It does not provide health-based threshold values, direct policy recommendations or detailed instructions for improving indoor air quality in buildings.

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[Sensors]]

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9;">
'''[+] View technical source and page metadata'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D4.3 – ''Framework and standards for data interoperability – version 1''
* '''Work Package:''' WP4 – Pilots, data and campaigns
* '''Lead partner:''' DEDA / DedaNext
* '''Original deliverable type:''' R – Document, report
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 30 November 2023
* '''Actual submission date:''' 15 December 2023

</div>
</div>

D3.2 One-pager: Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to Set-Up Indoor Pollutant Monitoring Stations

2026-08-24T13:16:45Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:D3_2_onepager_image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D3.2%20Guidelines%20for%20Pilot%20City%20Labs%20to%20Set-Up%20Indoor%20Pollutant%20Monitoring%20Stations.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents EDIAQI guidelines for setting up indoor pollutant monitoring stations in Pilot City Labs. It explains how indoor air pollution can be monitored from measurement planning and sensor deployment to stakeholder involvement, QR-code feedback collection, IAQ visualisation and communication.

The deliverable is based on lessons learned from EDIAQI pilots and campaigns in Ferrara, Estonia, Vilnius and Zagreb. It covers low-cost sensor deployment, monitoring of emerging pollutants, indoor and outdoor measurement setups, the T3.2 Observatory, and QR-code experiments used to compare measured indoor air quality with people’s subjective perception of indoor air.

== Why is this topic important? ==
Indoor air quality monitoring is not only a technical task. A useful monitoring station must measure the right pollutants, in the right place, for the right users, and present the data in a way that people can understand and act on.

Indoor environments are complex. Pollutants can come from outdoor air, traffic, building materials, cleaning products, cooking, smoking, heating, ventilation conditions, human activities and biological sources. Some parameters can be monitored with [[Measuring IAQ|low-cost sensors]], while others require specialised sampling and laboratory analysis.

The EDIAQI approach therefore combines physical measurements, stakeholder participation and digital tools. This helps connect objective sensor measurements with the way occupants actually experience indoor air quality.

== Key messages ==
* '''Monitoring stations need a full workflow:''' Setting up an indoor pollutant monitoring station should include stakeholder identification, pollutant selection, sensor choice, validation, network setup, sensor placement, data collection, visualisation and communication.

* '''Stakeholder needs define what should be measured:''' Monitoring should start from the concerns of the people using or managing the building. For example, concerns about [[ventilation]] point towards CO<sub>2</sub>, temperature and relative humidity, while concerns about outdoor traffic entering classrooms may require [[PM2.5|PM<sub>2.5</sub>]], PM<sub>1</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> measurements indoors and outdoors.

* '''Low-cost sensors are useful but need validation:''' Low-cost sensors can increase spatial coverage and make IAQ monitoring more accessible, but they do not replace reference instruments. Their accuracy, precision, calibration needs, lifespan and environmental sensitivity must be considered.

* '''Emerging pollutants require additional methods:''' Pollutants such as [[ultrafine particles]], black carbon, [[radon]], microplastics, PAHs, [[Main indoor air pollutants#Organic gases|VOCs]] and microbiome-related indicators cannot always be monitored with simple low-cost devices. EDIAQI therefore combines sensors with passive sampling, active sampling and laboratory analysis.

* '''Context is essential for interpreting IAQ data:''' Measurements should be linked to room layout, ventilation, occupancy, building characteristics, indoor and outdoor sources, and time-activity patterns. Without this context, pollutant peaks and long-term trends are difficult to interpret.

* '''QR-code feedback connects measurements with perception:''' The T3.2 Observatory and QR-code experiments allow occupants to report how they perceive indoor air quality. These responses can be compared with time-stamped sensor data to understand where measured and perceived IAQ align or differ.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
The EDIAQI team created a set of guidelines for Pilot City Labs to set up indoor pollutant monitoring stations. The work builds on earlier guidance shared within the project at month 6 and expands it with lessons from real pilot and campaign activities.

The deliverable documents four EDIAQI measurement approaches:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:20%;" | Pilot / campaign
! style="width:80%;" | Main approach
|-
| '''Ferrara pilot'''
| Monitored a diverse set of buildings, including schools, offices, laboratories, gyms, a restaurant and residential buildings. The pilot used LAS low-cost sensor devices, Radiello® passive sampling for VOCs and aldehydes, microplastics sampling, outdoor air quality data and QR-code posters for stakeholder feedback.
|-
| '''Estonian pilot'''
| Installed indoor air pollution low-cost sensors in 50 buildings, including schools, kindergartens, universities and office buildings in Tallinn and Tartu. A total of 100 Thinnect devices were deployed to measure parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and TVOC. QR-code feedback was also tested.
|-
| '''Vilnius campaign'''
| Focused on how outdoor air pollution from vehicle traffic affects indoor air quality in schools. The campaign used indoor and outdoor low-cost sensors, state-of-the-art instruments in a mobile laboratory, and measurements of emerging pollutants such as ultrafine particles, particle number size distribution, black carbon, microplastics and VOCs.
|-
| '''Zagreb pilot'''
| Focused on children from the SCH asthma cohort and monitored bedrooms in households. The pilot combined WINGS low-cost sensors with active and passive sampling for PM<sub>1</sub>, VOCs, PAHs, radon, microplastics, dust microbiome and household dust contaminants. It also included a questionnaire on IAQ awareness.
|}

The project also developed and tested the T3.2 Observatory, a physical-digital platform that connects occupants and stakeholders with real-time indoor air pollution data. QR-code experiments were used in Tallinn, Ferrara and Vilnius to collect subjective feedback on indoor air quality and compare it with measured values.

== What does this mean in practice? ==
The deliverable provides practical guidance for anyone planning to monitor indoor air quality in real buildings. It is especially useful for pilot teams, municipalities, building owners, technical partners and researchers who need to combine sensors, sampling methods, stakeholder feedback and visualisation tools.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| The guidance supports future tools that can help residents understand indoor air conditions more clearly, especially when sensor readings are combined with simple visual feedback and practical advice.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| The deliverable is highly relevant for educational buildings. It explains how classrooms can be monitored, how outdoor air may influence indoor conditions, and how pupils, teachers or staff can provide feedback through QR-code tools.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Building owners and facility managers can use the guidance to plan monitoring in offices, gyms, restaurants and other occupied buildings, including sensor placement, stakeholder engagement and data communication.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Municipalities can use the guidelines when planning IAQ monitoring across public buildings, especially schools, kindergartens and municipal offices. The approach helps compare buildings and involve local actors.
|-
| '''EDIAQI pilot teams'''
| The deliverable provides a shared methodological basis for monitoring setups across pilots and campaigns, including pollutant selection, sensor validation, emerging pollutant measurement and stakeholder participation.
|-
| '''EDIAQI technical partners'''
| The guidance supports the development of observatories, dashboards, widgets and QR-code feedback systems that connect real-time measurements with user perception.
|-
| '''Researchers'''
| Researchers can use the deliverable as a reference for combining low-cost sensors, reference instruments, offline sampling, contextual metadata and perception studies in real-world IAQ research.
|}

== Monitoring station setup: practical steps ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Step
! style="width:35%;" | Main question
! style="width:40%;" | Practical implication
|-
| '''1. Identify stakeholders'''
| Who uses the space and who uses the data?
| Define whether the main users are residents, pupils, teachers, facility managers, researchers, municipalities or technical teams.
|-
| '''2. Identify IAQ concerns'''
| What problem is the monitoring meant to address?
| Concerns may include poor ventilation, traffic pollution entering indoors, comfort, odours, particulate matter, chemical exposure, radon or biological contaminants.
|-
| '''3. Select pollutants and parameters'''
| Which parameters best represent the concern?
| Common sensor parameters include CO<sub>2</sub>, temperature, relative humidity, PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, CO and TVOC.
|-
| '''4. Choose sensors and sampling methods'''
| Can the parameter be measured with low-cost sensors?
| Use sensors where suitable, but add active or passive sampling and laboratory analysis for pollutants such as VOCs, PAHs, radon, microplastics and microbiome.
|-
| '''5. Validate sensors'''
| How reliable are the measurements?
| Sensor accuracy, precision, unit-to-unit variability, environmental sensitivity and calibration needs should be checked against reference or proxy-reference instruments where possible.
|-
| '''6. Plan sensor placement'''
| Where should devices be installed?
| Sensors should be placed in the breathing zone, away from irrelevant local sources or sinks, with good airflow and safe access for maintenance.
|-
| '''7. Record context'''
| What explains the measured values?
| Document room layout, ventilation, occupancy, sources, outdoor conditions, cleaning routines and time-activity patterns.
|-
| '''8. Visualise and communicate data'''
| How will users understand the results?
| Use simple colour-coded indicators for regular users and more detailed line charts or dashboards for technical users.
|-
| '''9. Collect user feedback'''
| How do occupants perceive IAQ?
| QR-code surveys can collect time-stamped subjective feedback that can be compared with sensor readings.
|}

== Parameters and pollutants covered ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Category
! style="width:75%;" | Examples
|-
| '''Sensor-measurable IAQ parameters'''
| CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, TVOC, PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
|-
| '''Emerging pollutants'''
| Ultrafine particles, black carbon, microplastics and radon.
|-
| '''Chemical pollutants requiring sampling'''
| VOCs, aldehydes and PAHs.
|-
| '''Biological and toxicological indicators'''
| Microbiome in dust samples, bacterial and fungal composition, and contaminants in household dust.
|-
| '''Contextual information'''
| Room layout, ventilation, indoor and outdoor sources, occupancy, building characteristics and occupant activities.
|}

== Recommendations ==
* '''Start from the stakeholder problem:''' Do not choose sensors first. First define who needs the data, what decision the data should support and what IAQ concern is being addressed.
* '''Measure indoor and outdoor air where relevant:''' Outdoor pollution can enter buildings, especially in traffic-influenced locations. Indoor and outdoor measurements should be combined when source attribution is important.
* '''Use CO<sub>2</sub> as a practical ventilation indicator:''' CO<sub>2</sub> is useful for understanding ventilation in occupied spaces, especially classrooms and offices.
* '''Include temperature and relative humidity:''' These parameters affect comfort, mould risk and sometimes sensor response.
* '''Validate low-cost sensors before relying on the data:''' Low-cost sensors should be compared with reference or proxy-reference instruments where possible.
* '''Document sensor age and maintenance needs:''' Low-cost sensors may deteriorate over time, so lifespan, calibration and maintenance should be included in the monitoring plan.
* '''Place sensors in the breathing zone:''' Indoor sensors should generally be placed at about 1–2 metres height, adjusted to the target occupants and use of the room.
* '''Avoid misleading locations:''' Do not place sensors directly next to local sources or sinks unless that is the purpose of the measurement.
* '''Record building and activity context:''' Ventilation, occupancy, cleaning, cooking, window opening, outdoor sources and room use should be documented.
* '''Use simple visualisation for non-technical users:''' Colour-coded indicators, thresholds and simple messages are usually more useful than complex graphs.
* '''Use detailed visualisation for technical users:''' Facility managers, researchers and technical partners may need time-series graphs, downloadable data and flagged threshold exceedances.
* '''Use QR codes to collect feedback:''' Short QR-code surveys with clear answer options can help link measured IAQ with occupant perception.
* '''Keep feedback surveys short:''' The deliverable recommends short surveys, ideally with a maximum of two questions and predefined answer options.
* '''Provide actionable communication:''' Alerts should be followed by practical suggestions, such as increasing ventilation when CO<sub>2</sub> levels are high.

== Limitations ==
This deliverable provides guidelines and a demonstrator approach, not final pilot results. Some measurements, especially biological characterisation and further analysis of emerging pollutants, were still expected to continue beyond the M18 deadline.

Low-cost sensors are useful for indicative and high-spatial-resolution monitoring, but they are not a direct replacement for reference instruments. They should not be used alone for regulatory compliance, toxicological assessment or formal air quality auditing.

Some pollutants cannot yet be monitored through simple low-cost online methods. Parameters such as VOCs, PAHs, radon, microplastics and microbiome require specialised sampling, laboratory analysis or more advanced instrumentation.

The QR-code approach is useful for stakeholder engagement, but subjective perception of IAQ can differ from measured values. This difference is part of what the T3.2 Observatory is designed to study.

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[What is IAQ?|Indoor Air Quality]]
* [[Sensors#Low-cost sensors|Low-cost sensors]]
* [[Main indoor air pollutants#Indoor air particles|Particulate matter]]
* [[Ventilation]]
* [[CO2]]
* [[Main indoor air pollutants#Organic Gases|Volatile organic compounds]]
* [[Radon]]
* [[Interoperability]]
* [[SensorThings API]]

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9;">
'''[+] View technical source and page metadata'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D3.2 – ''Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to set-up indoor pollutant monitoring stations''
* '''Work Package:''' WP3 – Science
* '''Lead beneficiary:''' TROPOS
* '''Original deliverable type:''' DEM – Demonstrator, pilot, prototype
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 31 May 2024
* '''Version:''' Final
* '''Main pilots and campaigns covered:''' Ferrara, Estonia, Vilnius and Zagreb
* '''Main demonstrator:''' T3.2 Observatory and QR-code experiment for stakeholder involvement

</div>
</div>

PM2.5

2026-08-24T13:08:47Z

Doris:

=== Definition ===

PM2.5 particles are those with diameters of less than 2.5 micrometres*. They are therefore a subset of [[PM10]] particles and more harmful than PM10, as they can reach further into the lungs and can be more toxic.

PM2.5 particles are usually composed mainly of secondary particles formed in the atmosphere from some of the gaseous precursors.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for PM2.5 is 15 μg/m3 for 24 hours and 5 μg/m3 on an annual average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for PM2.5 is 20 μg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

PM2.5

2026-08-24T13:08:20Z

Doris:

=== Definition ===

PM2.5 particles are those with diameters of less than 2.5 micrometres*. They are therefore a subset of PM10 particles and more harmful than PM10, as they can reach further into the lungs and can be more toxic.

PM2.5 particles are usually composed mainly of secondary particles formed in the atmosphere from some of the gaseous precursors.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for PM2.5 is 15 μg/m3 for 24 hours and 5 μg/m3 on an annual average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for PM2.5 is 20 μg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

D3.1 One-pager: Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit

2026-08-24T13:03:01Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:D3_1_onepager_image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D3.1%20Indoor%20Air%20Pollution%20Observation%20Toolkit.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents the EDIAQI Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit. Its purpose is to collect the scientific tools, measurement methods, validation procedures, data analysis approaches and system set-up guidance used in EDIAQI for observing indoor air pollution. The toolkit supports EDIAQI pilots and campaigns, but is also intended to be useful for future indoor air quality researchers and practitioners.

The toolkit is organised into three main modules: sensor validation, indoor air pollutant measurement and analysis, and indoor air pollution system set-up. It combines laboratory and real-world sensor testing, offline sampling and laboratory analysis of pollutants not covered by low-cost sensor devices, and guidance for real-time monitoring systems, data visualisation and stakeholder communication.

== Why is this topic important? ==
Indoor air pollution is difficult to understand using one method alone. [[Measuring IAQ|Low-cost sensors]] can provide real-time information about parameters such as [[particulate matter]], CO2, temperature and relative humidity, but many important pollutants and health-relevant factors still require specialised sampling and laboratory analysis.

EDIAQI therefore uses a combined approach. Low-cost sensor devices are validated against reference or proxy-reference instruments, while additional methods are used to analyse pollutants such as [[Volatile organic compounds|VOCs]], aldehydes, PAHs, microplastics, [[radon]], black carbon, [[ultrafine particles]] and microbiome-related indicators.

This is important because indoor air quality data are used by different groups: researchers, pilot coordinators, technical partners, municipalities, building owners and, eventually, citizens. A shared toolkit helps ensure that data are collected, analysed, visualised and communicated in a more consistent and scientifically grounded way.

== Key messages ==
* '''The toolkit brings EDIAQI observation methods together:''' D3.1 collects the scientific and statistical tools used in EDIAQI into one practical toolkit. It covers measurement, sensor validation, laboratory analysis, data analysis, system architecture and visualisation.

* '''Low-cost sensors need validation:''' EDIAQI sensor devices are tested in laboratory, semi-real-world and real-world settings. Their performance is assessed using reference or proxy-reference instruments and statistical indicators such as accuracy, precision, correlation, RMSE, NRMSE and sensitivity to temperature and relative humidity.

* '''Not all indoor pollutants can be measured by sensors:''' Several important indoor air pollutants require offline sampling and laboratory analysis. The toolkit therefore includes protocols for passive and active sampling, dust collection and microplastics collection.

* '''Emerging pollutants are part of the EDIAQI approach:''' The toolkit includes methods for analysing microplastics, radon , microbiome, ultrafine particles and black carbon, in addition to more established chemical pollutants such as VOCs, aldehydes and PAHs.

* '''Real-time monitoring needs a full system set-up:''' Indoor air quality observation requires more than sensors. The toolkit describes IoT architecture, edge gateways, mist/fog/cloud computing, data storage, data tagging, dashboards and user-facing visualisations.

* '''Visualisation is essential for stakeholder uptake:''' The deliverable highlights the importance of understandable visual tools, including observatory dashboards for scientific users and simplified widgets for citizens and local stakeholders.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
The EDIAQI team compiled a toolkit for indoor air pollution observation based on the work of WP3. The toolkit documents the methods and tools used in EDIAQI pilots and campaigns and links them to open-source code and templates made available through a GitHub repository.

For the sensor validation module, EDIAQI tested low-cost sensor devices from project sensor providers in different experimental conditions. These included chamber experiments, laboratory experiments, outdoor ambient intercomparison, a semi-real-world office experiment and a classroom field intercomparison in the Vilnius campaign.

For the indoor air pollutants module, EDIAQI described sampling and analytical methods for pollutants and parameters that are not fully covered by low-cost sensor devices. These include passive Radiello® sampling, active sampling, dust collection, microplastics collection, VOC and aldehyde analysis, PAH analysis, radon measurement and microbiome analysis.

For the system set-up module, EDIAQI reviewed real-time indoor air quality monitoring approaches and described technical requirements for observatories, IoT solutions and visual representation. The deliverable also presents an EDIAQI IoT approach using wireless devices, an Edge gateway, mesh networking, and mist/fog/cloud computing.

== What does this mean in practice? ==
The toolkit gives EDIAQI partners a shared methodological basis for indoor air pollution observation. It helps pilot teams decide how to validate sensors, what additional pollutants to sample, which laboratory methods to apply, and how to connect measurements to real-time monitoring and visualisation systems.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| The deliverable is not written as a direct household guide, but it supports future tools that can communicate indoor air quality in a clearer and more understandable way. Citizen-facing widgets can help translate complex sensor data into simpler visual information.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| The toolkit is relevant for classroom and educational-building monitoring, including real-world sensor intercomparison, CO2 and particulate matter monitoring, and the interpretation of measurements in occupied rooms.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Building owners and facility managers can benefit from structured monitoring systems that combine sensors, room-level data tagging, dashboards and alerts for indoor air quality conditions.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Municipalities responsible for public buildings can use the toolkit as a reference for planning more consistent monitoring campaigns across schools, offices or other municipal buildings.
|-
| '''EDIAQI pilot teams'''
| The toolkit provides practical protocols for sensor validation, filter sampling, laboratory analysis, pollutant characterisation and data visualisation across pilots and campaigns.
|-
| '''EDIAQI technical partners'''
| The deliverable provides guidance on IoT architecture, edge gateways, mist/fog/cloud computing, data flows, observatory design and simplified visual widgets.
|-
| '''Researchers'''
| The toolkit summarises methods and code templates that can support future indoor air pollution studies, including validation statistics, sampling protocols and bioinformatic analysis workflows.
|}

== Toolkit modules ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Module
! style="width:75%;" | Main content
|-
| '''Sensor validation module'''
| Methods for validating low-cost sensor devices in laboratory, outdoor, semi-real-world and real-world settings. The module covers accuracy, precision, sensitivity to temperature and relative humidity, and statistical analysis of sensor performance.
|-
| '''Indoor air pollutants module'''
| Sampling and analytical methods for pollutants and parameters not fully measured by low-cost sensors. This includes VOCs, aldehydes, PAHs, PM1, microplastics, radon and microbiome analysis.
|-
| '''System architecture and visualisation module'''
| Guidance for setting up real-time indoor air pollution monitoring systems, including IoT architecture, Edge gateways, mesh networking, mist/fog/cloud computing, observatory dashboards and citizen-facing widgets.
|}

== Recommendations ==
* '''Validate low-cost sensors before relying on the data:''' Sensor data should be checked against reference or proxy-reference instruments wherever possible.
* '''Use both laboratory and real-world testing:''' Chamber and laboratory experiments help identify sensor behaviour under controlled conditions, while field tests show how devices perform in real indoor environments.
* '''Assess both accuracy and precision:''' Sensor evaluation should consider agreement with reference instruments as well as unit-to-unit variability between devices.
* '''Document temperature and humidity effects:''' Temperature and relative humidity can affect sensor response and should be included in validation and data interpretation.
* '''Combine sensors with offline sampling:''' Low-cost sensors alone do not cover all relevant indoor pollutants. Passive sampling, active sampling, dust collection and laboratory analysis should be used where needed.
* '''Use appropriate laboratory methods:''' VOCs, aldehydes, PAHs, microplastics, radon and microbiome samples require pollutant-specific analytical methods.
* '''Plan the monitoring system as a full architecture:''' Effective IAQ observation requires sensors, communication infrastructure, data storage, processing, visualisation and user-facing interpretation.
* '''Make visualisations understandable:''' Scientific dashboards are useful for researchers, but citizens and local stakeholders need simplified visual outputs that communicate indoor climate quality clearly.
* '''Use open-source code and templates where available:''' The GitHub resources linked to the deliverable support reproducible analysis and future reuse.

== Limitations ==
This deliverable is a toolkit and methodological reference. It does not provide final pilot results or a full interpretation of indoor air quality conditions in EDIAQI buildings. Some activities, such as the real-world low-cost sensor intercomparison in the Vilnius campaign, were still ongoing at the time of writing and are expected to be reported in later campaign deliverables.

The toolkit also notes that several important pollutant groups cannot yet be measured through simple low-cost online methods. For these pollutants, EDIAQI relies on offline sampling and specialised laboratory analysis. This makes the methods scientifically valuable but also more resource-intensive than simple sensor deployment.

No major updates were planned for this deliverable, although minor improvements may be implemented as regular project practice if considered useful by the management team.

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[Sensors]]
* [[What is IAQ?|Indoor Air Quality]]
* [[Sensors#Low-cost sensors|Low-cost sensors]]
* [[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|Data visualisation]]

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9;">
'''[+] View technical source and page metadata'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D3.1 – ''Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit''
* '''Work Package:''' WP3 – SCIENCE
* '''Lead beneficiary:''' TROPOS
* '''Original deliverable type:''' DEM – Demonstrator, pilot, prototype
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 31 May 2024
* '''Version:''' Final

</div>
</div>

Naphthalene

2026-08-24T12:48:51Z

Doris:

=== Definition ===

Naphthalene occurs naturally in fossil fuels such as oil and coal, and is produced when burning wood or tobacco. It is also the most volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with a gas phase share of 90-100%.

=== Predominant sources of emissions ===

Limited information is available on indoor air concentrations of naphthalene and exposure levels. Common indoor sources of naphthalene are unvented paraffin stoves and tobacco smoke. Used in the household as a moth repellent.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for Naphthalene is 0.01 mg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

D3.1 One-pager: Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit

2026-08-24T12:37:17Z

Doris:

{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:D3_1_onepager_image_250x250.jpg|200px|link=]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D3.1%20Indoor%20Air%20Pollution%20Observation%20Toolkit.pdf Report (pdf)]'''
}}

This deliverable presents the EDIAQI Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit. Its purpose is to collect the scientific tools, measurement methods, validation procedures, data analysis approaches and system set-up guidance used in EDIAQI for observing indoor air pollution. The toolkit supports EDIAQI pilots and campaigns, but is also intended to be useful for future indoor air quality researchers and practitioners.

The toolkit is organised into three main modules: sensor validation, indoor air pollutant measurement and analysis, and indoor air pollution system set-up. It combines laboratory and real-world sensor testing, offline sampling and laboratory analysis of pollutants not covered by low-cost sensor devices, and guidance for real-time monitoring systems, data visualisation and stakeholder communication.

== Why is this topic important? ==
Indoor air pollution is difficult to understand using one method alone. Low-cost sensors can provide real-time information about parameters such as particulate matter, CO2, temperature and relative humidity, but many important pollutants and health-relevant factors still require specialised sampling and laboratory analysis.

EDIAQI therefore uses a combined approach. Low-cost sensor devices are validated against reference or proxy-reference instruments, while additional methods are used to analyse pollutants such as [[Volatile organic compounds|VOCs]], aldehydes, PAHs, microplastics, [[radon]], black carbon, [[ultrafine particles]] and microbiome-related indicators.

This is important because indoor air quality data are used by different groups: researchers, pilot coordinators, technical partners, municipalities, building owners and, eventually, citizens. A shared toolkit helps ensure that data are collected, analysed, visualised and communicated in a more consistent and scientifically grounded way.

== Key messages ==
* '''The toolkit brings EDIAQI observation methods together:''' D3.1 collects the scientific and statistical tools used in EDIAQI into one practical toolkit. It covers measurement, sensor validation, laboratory analysis, data analysis, system architecture and visualisation.

* '''Low-cost sensors need validation:''' EDIAQI sensor devices are tested in laboratory, semi-real-world and real-world settings. Their performance is assessed using reference or proxy-reference instruments and statistical indicators such as accuracy, precision, correlation, RMSE, NRMSE and sensitivity to temperature and relative humidity.

* '''Not all indoor pollutants can be measured by sensors:''' Several important indoor air pollutants require offline sampling and laboratory analysis. The toolkit therefore includes protocols for passive and active sampling, dust collection and microplastics collection.

* '''Emerging pollutants are part of the EDIAQI approach:''' The toolkit includes methods for analysing microplastics, radon , microbiome, ultrafine particles and black carbon, in addition to more established chemical pollutants such as VOCs, aldehydes and PAHs.

* '''Real-time monitoring needs a full system set-up:''' Indoor air quality observation requires more than sensors. The toolkit describes IoT architecture, edge gateways, mist/fog/cloud computing, data storage, data tagging, dashboards and user-facing visualisations.

* '''Visualisation is essential for stakeholder uptake:''' The deliverable highlights the importance of understandable visual tools, including observatory dashboards for scientific users and simplified widgets for citizens and local stakeholders.

== What did the EDIAQI project do? ==
The EDIAQI team compiled a toolkit for indoor air pollution observation based on the work of WP3. The toolkit documents the methods and tools used in EDIAQI pilots and campaigns and links them to open-source code and templates made available through a GitHub repository.

For the sensor validation module, EDIAQI tested low-cost sensor devices from project sensor providers in different experimental conditions. These included chamber experiments, laboratory experiments, outdoor ambient intercomparison, a semi-real-world office experiment and a classroom field intercomparison in the Vilnius campaign.

For the indoor air pollutants module, EDIAQI described sampling and analytical methods for pollutants and parameters that are not fully covered by low-cost sensor devices. These include passive Radiello® sampling, active sampling, dust collection, microplastics collection, VOC and aldehyde analysis, PAH analysis, radon measurement and microbiome analysis.

For the system set-up module, EDIAQI reviewed real-time indoor air quality monitoring approaches and described technical requirements for observatories, IoT solutions and visual representation. The deliverable also presents an EDIAQI IoT approach using wireless devices, an Edge gateway, mesh networking, and mist/fog/cloud computing.

== What does this mean in practice? ==
The toolkit gives EDIAQI partners a shared methodological basis for indoor air pollution observation. It helps pilot teams decide how to validate sensors, what additional pollutants to sample, which laboratory methods to apply, and how to connect measurements to real-time monitoring and visualisation systems.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | User group
! style="width:75%;" | Practical relevance
|-
| '''Homeowners and tenants'''
| The deliverable is not written as a direct household guide, but it supports future tools that can communicate indoor air quality in a clearer and more understandable way. Citizen-facing widgets can help translate complex sensor data into simpler visual information.
|-
| '''Schools and kindergartens'''
| The toolkit is relevant for classroom and educational-building monitoring, including real-world sensor intercomparison, CO2 and particulate matter monitoring, and the interpretation of measurements in occupied rooms.
|-
| '''Commercial property owners'''
| Building owners and facility managers can benefit from structured monitoring systems that combine sensors, room-level data tagging, dashboards and alerts for indoor air quality conditions.
|-
| '''Local municipalities'''
| Municipalities responsible for public buildings can use the toolkit as a reference for planning more consistent monitoring campaigns across schools, offices or other municipal buildings.
|-
| '''EDIAQI pilot teams'''
| The toolkit provides practical protocols for sensor validation, filter sampling, laboratory analysis, pollutant characterisation and data visualisation across pilots and campaigns.
|-
| '''EDIAQI technical partners'''
| The deliverable provides guidance on IoT architecture, edge gateways, mist/fog/cloud computing, data flows, observatory design and simplified visual widgets.
|-
| '''Researchers'''
| The toolkit summarises methods and code templates that can support future indoor air pollution studies, including validation statistics, sampling protocols and bioinformatic analysis workflows.
|}

== Toolkit modules ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:25%;" | Module
! style="width:75%;" | Main content
|-
| '''Sensor validation module'''
| Methods for validating low-cost sensor devices in laboratory, outdoor, semi-real-world and real-world settings. The module covers accuracy, precision, sensitivity to temperature and relative humidity, and statistical analysis of sensor performance.
|-
| '''Indoor air pollutants module'''
| Sampling and analytical methods for pollutants and parameters not fully measured by low-cost sensors. This includes VOCs, aldehydes, PAHs, PM1, microplastics, radon and microbiome analysis.
|-
| '''System architecture and visualisation module'''
| Guidance for setting up real-time indoor air pollution monitoring systems, including IoT architecture, Edge gateways, mesh networking, mist/fog/cloud computing, observatory dashboards and citizen-facing widgets.
|}

== Recommendations ==
* '''Validate low-cost sensors before relying on the data:''' Sensor data should be checked against reference or proxy-reference instruments wherever possible.
* '''Use both laboratory and real-world testing:''' Chamber and laboratory experiments help identify sensor behaviour under controlled conditions, while field tests show how devices perform in real indoor environments.
* '''Assess both accuracy and precision:''' Sensor evaluation should consider agreement with reference instruments as well as unit-to-unit variability between devices.
* '''Document temperature and humidity effects:''' Temperature and relative humidity can affect sensor response and should be included in validation and data interpretation.
* '''Combine sensors with offline sampling:''' Low-cost sensors alone do not cover all relevant indoor pollutants. Passive sampling, active sampling, dust collection and laboratory analysis should be used where needed.
* '''Use appropriate laboratory methods:''' VOCs, aldehydes, PAHs, microplastics, radon and microbiome samples require pollutant-specific analytical methods.
* '''Plan the monitoring system as a full architecture:''' Effective IAQ observation requires sensors, communication infrastructure, data storage, processing, visualisation and user-facing interpretation.
* '''Make visualisations understandable:''' Scientific dashboards are useful for researchers, but citizens and local stakeholders need simplified visual outputs that communicate indoor climate quality clearly.
* '''Use open-source code and templates where available:''' The GitHub resources linked to the deliverable support reproducible analysis and future reuse.

== Limitations ==
This deliverable is a toolkit and methodological reference. It does not provide final pilot results or a full interpretation of indoor air quality conditions in EDIAQI buildings. Some activities, such as the real-world low-cost sensor intercomparison in the Vilnius campaign, were still ongoing at the time of writing and are expected to be reported in later campaign deliverables.

The toolkit also notes that several important pollutant groups cannot yet be measured through simple low-cost online methods. For these pollutants, EDIAQI relies on offline sampling and specialised laboratory analysis. This makes the methods scientifically valuable but also more resource-intensive than simple sensor deployment.

No major updates were planned for this deliverable, although minor improvements may be implemented as regular project practice if considered useful by the management team.

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
'''Related wiki pages'''
</div>
* [[Sensors]]
* [[What is IAQ?|Indoor Air Quality]]
* [[Sensors#Low-cost sensors|Low-cost sensors]]
* [[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|Data visualisation]]

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9;">
'''[+] View technical source and page metadata'''
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

<div style="color:#202122; font-size:1.5em; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; margin-top:1.2em; margin-bottom:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">
Source deliverable
</div>
This one-pager is based on:
* '''Deliverable:''' D3.1 – ''Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit''
* '''Work Package:''' WP3 – SCIENCE
* '''Lead beneficiary:''' TROPOS
* '''Original deliverable type:''' DEM – Demonstrator, pilot, prototype
* '''Dissemination level:''' PU – Public
* '''Official submission date:''' 31 May 2024
* '''Version:''' Final

</div>
</div>

Radon

2026-08-24T12:29:51Z

Doris:

=== Definition ===

Radon gas is a major source of naturally occurring ionising radiation and a major contributor to the ionising radiation doses received by the population. Prolonged exposure to radon may increase the risk of lung cancer. The unit of measurement is the Becquerel per cubic metre (Bq-m-3).

=== Predominant sources of emissions ===

It is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in soils and rocks, which penetrates into interior spaces driven by pressure, as the air inside an enclosed space is usually warmer, therefore at lower pressure than the gas in the underlying soil.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for Radon is 100 Bq/m3 (If such a level cannot be achieved in the current country-specific circumstances, the chosen reference level should in any case not exceed 300 Bq/m3) on an annual average.

According to Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom: The limit value for Radon is 300 Bq/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]