Indoor Air Quality Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

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2023-09-29T12:47:24Z

Kalle:

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| <h1>Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki</h1><br>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.<br>The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.
EDIAQI IAQ Simulator https://iaq-simulator.know-center.at/
|}

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| <h1>Indoor air pollutants</h1>
|-
| <categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
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|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 100%;"
| <h1>IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>
|-
| <categorytree mode="pages">IAQ Policy Landscape</categorytree>
|}
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| <h1>Sensors</h1>
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| <categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
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| <h1>Recommendations</h1>
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| <categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
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2023-09-29T10:02:02Z

Kalle:

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Indoor air quality and effect on health

2023-09-29T08:37:18Z

Kalle:

Indoor air, often influenced by outdoor pollutants, can further exacerbate the effects of these pollutants, especially in environments with poor ventilation. As many individuals spend a significant portion of their time indoors, understanding the combined effects of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on metabolic pathways is essential for comprehensive health assessments.

Two recent studies investigated the effect of short- and long-term exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 species on different metabolic pathways. Both studies found that several metabolic pathways were affected and all had in common that these pathways are crucial in inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair(Nassan et al., 2021b) (Nassan et al., 2021a).

In a high-risk asthma cohort, COPSAC2000, the long-term exposure to indoor air pollution (PM2.5, NOx, NO2, formaldehyde, and black smoke) and effect on wheezing symptoms were investigated. The study found no associations between air pollution concentrations and the number of wheezy episodes or any wheezing. In conclusion, most children were exposed to low concentrations of the particles, and previous studies showing short-term associations between higher concentrations and wheezing could not be translated to associations of cumulative low-dose exposure to air pollution (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2010). The main contributors to PM2.5 were smoking, heavy traffic, and winter. For black smoke the main contributor is smoking (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2011). More research is needed to clarify this.

The indoor environmental microbiome consisting of fungi and bacteria might also be important for development of disease. We are currently looking into this.

'''References'''

''Nassan, F.L., Kelly, R.S., Koutrakis, P., Vokonas, P.S., Lasky-Su, J.A., Schwartz, J.D., 2021a. Metabolomic signatures of the short-term exposure to air pollution and temperature. Environ. Res. 201, 111553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111553''

''Nassan, F.L., Wang, C., Kelly, R.S., Lasky-Su, J.A., Vokonas, P.S., Koutrakis, P., Schwartz, J.D., 2021b. Ambient PM2.5 species and ultrafine particle exposure and their differential metabolomic signatures. Environ. Int. 151, 106447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106447''

''Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Hermansen, M.N., Loland, L., Buchvald, F., Pipper, C.B., Sørensen, M., Loft, S., Bisgaard, H., 2010. Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution and wheezing symptoms in infants. Indoor Air 20, 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00635.x''

''Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Sørensen, M., Hertel, O., Chawes, B.L.K., Vissing, N., Bønnelykke, K., Bisgaard, H., 2011. Predictors of indoor fine particulate matter in infants’ bedrooms in Denmark. Environ. Res. 111, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.007''
[[Category: Health impacts of air pollution]]

Indoor air quality and effect on health

2023-09-29T08:36:13Z

Kalle:

Indoor air quality and effect on health

2023-09-29T08:34:59Z

Kalle: Created page with "Indoor air, often influenced by outdoor pollutants, can further exacerbate the effects of these pollutants, especially in environments with poor ventilation. As many individuals spend a significant portion of their time indoors, understanding the combined effects of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on metabolic pathways is essential for comprehensive health assessments. Two recent studies investigated the effect of short- and long-term exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 species..."

Indoor air, often influenced by outdoor pollutants, can further exacerbate the effects of these pollutants, especially in environments with poor ventilation. As many individuals spend a significant portion of their time indoors, understanding the combined effects of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on metabolic pathways is essential for comprehensive health assessments.

Two recent studies investigated the effect of short- and long-term exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 species on different metabolic pathways. Both studies found that several metabolic pathways were affected and all had in common that these pathways are crucial in inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair(Nassan et al., 2021b) (Nassan et al., 2021a).

In a high-risk asthma cohort, COPSAC2000, the long-term exposure to indoor air pollution (PM2.5, NOx, NO2, formaldehyde, and black smoke) and effect on wheezing symptoms were investigated. The study found no associations between air pollution concentrations and the number of wheezy episodes or any wheezing. In conclusion, most children were exposed to low concentrations of the particles, and previous studies showing short-term associations between higher concentrations and wheezing could not be translated to associations of cumulative low-dose exposure to air pollution (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2010). The main contributors to PM2.5 were smoking, heavy traffic, and winter. For black smoke the main contributor is smoking (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2011). More research is needed to clarify this.

The indoor environmental microbiome consisting of fungi and bacteria might also be important for development of disease. We are currently looking into this.

References
Nassan, F.L., Kelly, R.S., Koutrakis, P., Vokonas, P.S., Lasky-Su, J.A., Schwartz, J.D., 2021a. Metabolomic signatures of the short-term exposure to air pollution and temperature. Environ. Res. 201, 111553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111553
Nassan, F.L., Wang, C., Kelly, R.S., Lasky-Su, J.A., Vokonas, P.S., Koutrakis, P., Schwartz, J.D., 2021b. Ambient PM2.5 species and ultrafine particle exposure and their differential metabolomic signatures. Environ. Int. 151, 106447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106447
Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Hermansen, M.N., Loland, L., Buchvald, F., Pipper, C.B., Sørensen, M., Loft, S., Bisgaard, H., 2010. Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution and wheezing symptoms in infants. Indoor Air 20, 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00635.x
Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Sørensen, M., Hertel, O., Chawes, B.L.K., Vissing, N., Bønnelykke, K., Bisgaard, H., 2011. Predictors of indoor fine particulate matter in infants’ bedrooms in Denmark. Environ. Res. 111, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.007

Category:Health impacts of air pollution

2023-09-29T08:33:22Z

Kalle: Created blank page

Main Page

2023-09-26T12:44:08Z

Kalle:

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| <h1>Welcome to EDIAQI WIKI</h1><br>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.<br>The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.
EDIAQI IAQ Simulator https://iaq-simulator.know-center.at/
|}

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| <h1>Indoor air pollutants</h1>
|-
| <categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 100%;"
| <h1>IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>
|-
| <categorytree mode="pages">IAQ Policy Landscape</categorytree>
|}
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|valign="top" width="50%"|
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Main Page

2023-09-14T19:32:08Z

Kalle:

'''EDIAQI WIKI'''

EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.

The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.

== Categories ==
<categorytree mode="pages">Factors affecting indoor air quality</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Data Management</categorytree>

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Main Page

2023-09-14T19:31:06Z

Kalle:

'''EDIAQI WIKI'''

EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.

The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.

== Categories ==
<categorytree mode="pages">Factors affecting indoor air quality</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Data Management</categorytree>

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Main Page

2023-09-14T19:29:48Z

Kalle:

'''EDIAQI WIKI'''

EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.

The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.

== Categories ==
<categorytree mode="pages">Factors affecting indoor air quality</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Data Management</categorytree>

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Main Page

2023-09-14T19:29:29Z

Kalle:

EDIAQI WIKI

EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.

The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.

== Categories ==
<categorytree mode="pages">Factors affecting indoor air quality</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Data Management</categorytree>

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Main Page

2023-09-14T19:29:04Z

Kalle:

EDIAQI WIKI.strong

EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme.
The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.

== Categories ==
<categorytree mode="pages">Factors affecting indoor air quality</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Data Management</categorytree>

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Main Page

2023-09-14T07:45:32Z

Kalle:

<strong>MediaWiki has been installed.</strong>

For accessing the write or edit permissions, please register, and contact technical team providing your username to get correct rights.

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

== Categories ==
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<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Recommendations and guidelines</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Innovation Management</categorytree>
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== Section 2 ==
Hi

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Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde

2023-07-27T11:26:24Z

Kalle:

VOCs are organic compounds with a boiling point between 50°C and 260°C. In VOC analyses, the results are often in the form of toluene equivalents, which represent the concentration calculated by comparing the compound’s detector response to the detector response of toluene (Fromme et al. 2019).

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) is defined as the sum of the concentrations of all VOCs (identified or non-identified) between n-hexane and n-hexadecane and calculated as toluene equivalents (ISO 16000-6:2011). The normal analytical procedure involves collecting air samples in sorbent tubes, such as Tenax TA, and thermally eluting them with a non-polar gas chromatography column for analysis(ISO 16000-6:2011, Mølhave et al. 1997). TVOC provides an estimation of the composition of the chemicals in indoor air, and is therefore, used as an indicator of the chemical load, contamination sources or insufficient ventilation (Fromme et al.2019). However, it does not account for the potency of the single compounds, or exposure to low levels of VOC mixtures or high concentrations of specific substances. For the European Union (EU), the European Community has created guidelines which stipulate that the maximum concentration of TVOCs must not exceed0.3 mg/m3, and the concentration of individual VOCs must not exceed 10% of the set maximum. The target concentrations of single substances should be set based on toxicology analysis. Substances with a low odour perception threshold and compounds or mixtures with a high probability of sensory effects, odour perception or discomfort (Salthammer 2011, Andersson et al. 1997) need additional assessment. In new or freshly renovated buildings, increased VOC values are accepted for up to 12 months (Fromme et al. 2019).

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a ubiquitous air contaminant with various adverse effects on humans (Tsai 2019, Salonen et al. 2009, WHO 2010). Airborne formaldehyde can be released from several sources, such as paints, coatings, wall and floor coverings, and furnishing (Rovira et al. 2016). In classrooms, formaldehyde concentrations are found to be very low, or even below detectable limits (Yang et al.2009, Lee and Chang 2000).

The gaseous pollutants detected in school buildings include VOCs and inorganic gases, of which the most commonly detected ones are CO2, carbon monoxide (CO),nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Indoor emission sources, such as indoor building and furniture material, play a major role in VOC exposure (Paciência et al. 2016). In schools, the emission sources include typically used cleaning products and materials for art and craft (Śmiełowska et al. 2017,Mishra et al. 2015). Additionally, occupants’ behaviour and activities, as well as season, affect the indoor VOC concentrations. In a review study by Paciencia et al.(2016), higher mean concentrations of known VOCs were found during the cold season, with the concentrations varying from undetectable to 160 μg/m3. The levels of certain VOCs are sometimes much higher indoors than outdoors. The most common species of VOCs found in school environments are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Chithra and Nagendra 2018), and among them, toluene is found in the highest concentrations in classrooms (Madureira et al. 2015, Demirel et al.2014, Raysoni et al. 2013, Jovanović et al. 2014).

''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

Particulate matter

2023-07-27T11:26:04Z

Kalle:

In addition to gaseous components, a variety of contaminants in the form of airborne particles may be detected in indoor air. PM covers solid particles and liquid droplets found in air. Airborne particles cover a range of diameters—from a few nanometres to tens of micrometres—and are usually described based on their equivalent diameter. PM is usually categorized as PM2.5, PM10, and ultrafine particles (UFPs), which have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, 10 μm and 100 nm, respectively. The particle size and chemical composition of PM influence their transport and suspension in the air and their deposition in the lungs (Morawska and Salthammer 2003).
From a regulatory point of view, the most common approach for assessing PM is to monitor the mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 collected through a filter, but recently, the scientific focus is on measuring the UFP surface area and particle number concentrations (Cauda et al. 2012, Pacitto et al. 2018b). For determining the mean concentrations in an area, the common assumption is that each person in each region has the same exposure level. However, actual individual exposure is strongly dependent on personal time-activity patterns; therefore, the monitoring of mean concentrations could lead to significant errors and the development of individual- level monitoring is, therefore, recommended (Bo et al. 2017, Buonanno et al. 2014).

PM is either directly emitted into the air or converted from gaseous precursors derived from anthropogenic and natural sources (Atkinson et al. 2010). Fine particles (PM2.5) are primarily a product of the combustion of coal, oil or gasoline, or released during the transformation of gases and organics (Srimuruganandam and Nagendra 2012). Coarse particles (PM10) are released through resuspension of road and street soil or industrial dusts, suspension of disturbed soils (e.g. during farming and mining), construction, coal and oil combustion, and ocean spray (Srimuruganandam and Nagendra 2012). Apart from dust, fly ash and oxides are also formed during various processes; additionally, coarse PM is also composed of pollen, bacteria and plant parts (Cheung et al. 2011). Road and vehicle-based dust formed 11% of total primary emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 in the European Union during 2017 (EEA 2019). Importantly, PM is one of the most severe pollutants with regard to health, especially in urban areas.

Indoor particles vary in size, form and chemical composition. They consist of ambient particles that infiltrate indoors and particles emitted or formed through various indoor processes and activities (Morawska et al. 2017). In indoor air, particles from different sources persist via deposition and resuspension. In urban environments, ambient particles originate mainly from traffic emissions, fossil fuel burning and resuspension, and also chemical and thermodynamic processes (Belis et al. 2013). Some indoor activities that contribute to indoor particles are, for example, cooking, smoking, cleaning, and candle burning, or chalk dust and art classes in school environments. Indoor particles have some differences in their composition and toxicity from outdoor aerosols; thus, it is essential to consider these separately (Oeder et al. 2011). In school environments, PM2.5 and PM10 have been shown to mainly be of indoor origin (as a result of resuspension, for example), whereas outdoor air seems to be the main source of UFPs (Morawska 2017, Oeder et al. 2011).

Human exposure to PM occurs mostly indoors, as a large proportion of time is spent indoors, and microenvironments are the major contributors with regard to personal exposure (Faria et al. 2020). Geographical location effects the daily particle dose, but culture and lifestyle, e.g. types of cooking, have a stronger effect on the microenvironments in which people spend their time. In a study by Pacitto et al. (2018b), the personal particle dose exposure was shown to be the lowest in Lund, Sweden, where the context is closer to Finland than to other European countries or Australia.

The main indoor sources for PM in school buildings are human activities, plants and building materials, especially mineral fibres (Chatzidiakou et al. 2012). In schools, PM2.5 and PM10 originate mostly from indoor sources; in particular, resuspension of particles brought in on children’s shoes and clothes is a highly significant source of indoor particles (Morawska et al. 2017). Therefore, taking off the shoes when entering the school building could significantly reduce the mass concentration of particles (Leppänen et al. 2020). Dynamic movement and the presence of a large number of people in a confined space increase particle exposure in schools (Fromme 2007). In addition, ventilation and infiltration introduce PM from outdoors, and vehicles are the main source of outdoor PM (Trompetter et al. 2018). A study of school children’s exposure to UFPs found that exposure during school hours was attributable more to urban background particles than traffic near the school, and no persistent indoor particle sources were detected (Mazaheri et al. 2014). Because of climate change, the contribution of natural sources to the ambient PM concentration levels is expected to increase in the future, through phenomenon with far-reaching effects, such as wildfires (Knorr et al. 2017). The adverse health effects of indoor PM in schools can be managed by providing sufficient and filtered ventilation, minimizing the sources of PM in the first place, ensuring cleanliness of the school, and building schools far from busy roads (Rivas et al. 2018, Morawska et al. 2017).

''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

Bioaerosols

2023-07-27T11:25:34Z

Kalle:

Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015).

=== '''Endotoxins''' ===
Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed.
Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008).

=== '''Indoor fungi''' ===
Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b).

Modified wood products, wood polyethylene composites and plywood are susceptible to infestation by fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Thacker 2004, Doherty et al. 2011). Some of the substrates for indoor fungi are inner wall materials used in buildings, such as prefabricated gypsum boards, cork liners and mineral wool; polyurethane used in composites, painted surfaces, fibre glass insulation and ceiling tiles; and paper and glue used in indoor surfaces. Additionally, nutrients in house dust and water favour fungal growth on all building materials. Thus, it is very likely that any hygroscopic or moist natural or synthetic material may serve as a substrate for saprophytic, biodeteriogenic or cellulolytic fungi and enable them to grow indoors (Samson 2011, Li et al. 2015). The mould growth on building materials causes changes in the structure and porosity of plywood and concrete and penetrates the building material in search of nutrients. Over time, the building material will become more fragile as the structure weakens (Andersen et al. 2011b, Viitanen et al. 2010).

In schools, Trichoderma species are typically found on wet manufactured wood and gypsum boards (Lübeck et al. 2000, McMullin et al. 2017), and Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus versicolor have been associated with moisture damage (Salonen et al. 2015). Moreover, species of the indoor fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus are known to be capable of plastic degradation, for example, in a structure made of concrete that contains plasticizers (Danso et al. 2019, Gregory 2009). In school environments in continental and moderate climates, the most common indoor fungal genera are Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. (Salonen et al. 2015).

In mould-damaged buildings, the indoor mycobiota might be extensive and form a significant indoor source of fungi (Gutarowska and Piotrowska 2007). Surfaces covered with fungal biomass release conidia into indoor air, and indoor settled dust may be enriched with these conidia and may preserve them. Viable conidia in settled indoor dust, thus, serves as a reservoir for recolonization of favourable ecological niches in the building (Kildesø et al. 2003). Air filters, such as exhaust air filters in the air handling unit, and ventilation ducts may also be colonized by fungi. Indoor fungi can be useful indicators of IAQ; therefore, a deeper understanding of their biology is important (Cabral 2010).

House dust contains mainly textile fibres and human-based materials, as well as fungi and bacteria (Rintala et al. 2012) and material from plant and animal sources. Fungi and their residues are sampled from air, surfaces, dust or building material. Particle measurement techniques especially developed for biological particles are needed for the sampling of airborne fungi. In culturing methods, air samples are collected directly on an agar surface (impactors) or a liquid medium (impingers) (Nevalainen et al. 2015). These samples are quantitatively assessed as the concentration per square metre of air (Reponen et al. 2011, Pasanen 2001). For a largescale study, air sampling using air samplers is often too costly and laborious. Therefore, settled dust sampling methods for measurement of long-term exposure have been developed for indoor sampling (Gehring et al. 2008).
Floor sampling is typically done by vacuuming a specific area for a pre-determined time (Karvonen et al. 2014). Then, the dust is weighed, and the results are expressed as weight per gram of dust or per square metre. Sampling of mattress dust is often used in allergy-related studies (Hyvärinen et al. 2006). However, dust samples collected by these methods do not represent airborne fungi, and therefore, passive collectors for gathering settled dust from surfaces have been developed (Noss et al. 2010). Passive sampling provides a longer sampling time and, therefore, reflects the long-term airborne exposure.
Fungal species useful as bioindicators for fungal infestations in buildings.

Fungal identification in indoor mould samples is important in order to recognize genera or species that can be used as bioindicators of fungal infestation and water damage in buildings. The traditional methods use morphological characterization of fungal contamination to provide simple and fast genus-level identification, but species-level identification usually requires DNA-based methods (Samson 2011). Toxicity profile bioassays, mycoparasitism analysis and fluorescence emission methods could be useful for separating indoor isolates into morphotypes, and this could enable screening for certain indicator species and speed up the identification procedure (Castagnoli et al. 2018). The species which have been proposed to be indicative of moisture in buildings are tertiary colonizers that need a high aw >90 and produce conidia in slimy masses which are not easily aerosolized, for example, species of the genera Trichoderma and Stachybotrys (Nielsen et al. 2004, Li et al. 2015).

Mycoparasitic fungi prey on other fungal species and kill their fungal prey by invasion and secretion of certain enzymes, and feeding on the released nutrients (Karlsson et al. 2017). The necrotrophic species T. atroviride may be the bestknown species that exhibits strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism. Necrotrophic mycoparasites are destructive, have a wide host range and nonselectively prey on live and dead fungal biomass (Karlsson et al. 2017). The strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism exhibited by T. atroviride may indicate availability of fungal prey on wet building materials. Li et al. (2015) suggest that the presence of viable conidia of Trichoderma species, such as T. atroviride, in airborne or settled dust, extracted from exhaust filters, should be considered as a significant indicator, based on which further investigation should be conducted to confirm the presence of this species (Li et al. 2015, Castagnoli et al. 2018).

''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''
[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]
__FORCETOC__

Benzene

2023-07-27T11:24:19Z

Kalle:

'''Definition'''

Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.

'''Predominant sources of emissions'''

Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.

'''Legislation and intervals'''

According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

Benzene

2023-07-27T11:22:45Z

Kalle:

Bioaerosols

2023-07-27T11:22:25Z

Kalle:

Particulate matter

2023-07-27T11:21:54Z

Kalle:

Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde

2023-07-27T11:21:03Z

Kalle:

Category:Indoor air pollutants

2023-07-26T14:02:08Z

Kalle: /* Benzene */

Benzene

2023-07-26T14:01:13Z

Kalle:

Category:Indoor air pollutants

2023-07-26T13:54:46Z

Kalle: /* Benzene */

== '''Benzene''' ==
'''Definition'''

Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.

'''Predominant sources of emissions'''

Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.

'''Legislation and intervals'''

According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzene}}

Category:Indoor air pollutants

2023-07-26T13:54:07Z

Kalle: /* Definition */

=== '''Benzene''' ===
'''Definition'''

Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.

'''Predominant sources of emissions'''

Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.

'''Legislation and intervals'''

According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzene}}

Benzene

2023-07-26T13:52:28Z

Kalle:

Benzene

2023-07-26T13:51:36Z

Kalle:

Definition
Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.
Predominant sources of emissions
Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.
Legislation and intervals
According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]

Benzene

2023-07-26T13:51:12Z

Kalle: Created page with "Definition Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours. Predominant sources of emissions Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange d..."

Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde

2023-07-26T13:50:21Z

Kalle:

Particulate matter

2023-07-26T13:49:42Z

Kalle:

Bioaerosols

2023-07-26T13:48:44Z

Kalle:

Category:Indoor air pollutants

2023-07-26T13:46:33Z

Kalle:

=== '''Benzene''' ===
=== '''Definition''' ===
Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.
=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===
Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.
=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===
According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzene}}

Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde

2023-07-26T13:46:07Z

Kalle:

Particulate matter

2023-07-26T13:45:50Z

Kalle:

Bioaerosols

2023-07-26T13:45:31Z

Kalle:

Category:Indoor air pollutants

2023-07-26T13:34:20Z

Kalle: /* Benzene */

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:50:38Z

Kalle:

Summary of key guidelines for national indoor environmental quality regulatory requirements:

* Minimum requirements for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic are to be set in the regulation for new buildings and major renovations;
* Indoor air quality, ventilation and thermal comfort requirements can be specified separately for residential and non-residential buildings;
* In non-residential occupied buildings, ventilation capacity must be 7 L/s per person plus 0.7 L/s per m<sup>2</sup> floor area, or alternatively CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations of 900-1200 ppm, depending on occupant density, must be fulfilled;
* In residential buildings an average ventilation capacity of a whole residence shall be 0.42 L/s per m<sup>2</sup> floor area and 7 L/s supply air per person which are recommended to be supported with room-based ventilation rate requirements;
* Room temperature ranges in residential and non-residential buildings must be specified for heating and cooling seasons;
* Establishing a requirement on the lower limit of relative humidity in cold climates and upper limit in southern humid climates can be considered;
* Requirements shall be specified so that it is possible to assess the compliance based on monitoring, measurements or simulations, therefore it is important to specify acceptable deviations;
* Application of measuring and control devices for the monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality shall be required at relevant unit level;
* Conducting continuous measurement of main indoor environmental quality indicators shall be required from continuously occupied spaces;
* It is good to support regulatory requirements with technical guidelines for the design and operation.

''Source: "Proposed modifications and guidelines for implementation of Article 11a ‘Indoorenvironmental quality’ in EPBD draft". Common proposal by REHVA, Nordic Ventilation Group and EUROVENT. June 19, 2023''
[[Category:Recommendations and guidelines]]

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:26:38Z

Kalle:

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:24:25Z

Kalle:

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:23:00Z

Kalle:

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:19:45Z

Kalle:

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2023-07-14T08:05:11Z

Kalle: Created page with "Summary of key guidelines for national IEQ regulatory requirements: • Minimum requirements for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic are to be set in the regulation for new buildings and major renovations; • Indoor air quality, ventilation and thermal comfort requirements can be specified separately for residential and non-residential buildings; • In non-residential occupied buildings, ventilation capacity must be 7 L/s per person plus 0.7..."

Summary of key guidelines for national IEQ regulatory requirements:
• Minimum requirements for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic are to be set in the regulation for new buildings and major renovations;
• Indoor air quality, ventilation and thermal comfort requirements can be specified separately for residential and non-residential buildings;
• In non-residential occupied buildings, ventilation capacity must be 7 L/s per person plus 0.7 L/s per m2 floor area, or alternatively CO2 concentrations of 900-1200 ppm, depending on occupant density, must be fulfilled;
• In residential buildings an average ventilation capacity of a whole residence shall be 0.42 L/s per m2 floor area and 7 L/s supply air per person which are recommended to be supported with room-based ventilation rate requirements;
• Room temperature ranges in residential and non-residential buildings must be specified for heating and cooling seasons;
• Establishing a requirement on the lower limit of relative humidity in cold climates and upper limit in southern humid climates can be considered;
• Requirements shall be specified so that it is possible to assess the compliance based on monitoring, measurements or simulations, therefore it is important to specify acceptable deviations;
• Application of measuring and control devices for the monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality shall be required at relevant unit level;
• Conducting continuous measurement of main indoor environmental quality indicators shall be required from continuously occupied spaces; • It is good to support regulatory requirements with technical guidelines for the design and operation.

Main Page

2023-07-14T07:55:35Z

Kalle:

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Category:Recommendations and guidelines

2023-07-14T07:41:13Z

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2023-07-14T07:28:44Z

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<categorytree mode="pages">Indoor air pollutants</categorytree>
<categorytree mode="pages">Sensors</categorytree>

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Category:Sensors

2023-07-14T07:28:05Z

Kalle: Created blank page

Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde

2023-07-13T08:06:05Z

Kalle:

Particulate matter

2023-07-13T08:05:41Z

Kalle:

Bioaerosols

2023-07-13T08:03:52Z

Kalle: