Indoor Air Quality Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

IPChem Standards

2026-09-10T12:17:05Z

Ular.palmiste:

Data generated within the [https://ediaqi.eu/ '''EDIAQI'''] project will be made accessible through [https://ipchem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ '''IPCHEM'''] (the '''Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring'''). IPCHEM serves as the European reference access point for discovering, locating, and retrieving chemical occurrence data across various media, including the environment, humans, food/feed, products, and indoor air across the [[wikipedia:European_Union|European Union]].

'''IPCHEM''' is structured into '''four modules''' based on chemical monitoring data categorization:
* '''Environmental monitoring'''
* '''Human Biomonitoring'''
* '''Food and Feed'''
* '''Products and Indoor Air'''

The platform is operated by [[wikipedia:European_Commission|European Commission]] Services in collaboration with several [[wikipedia:Agencies_of_the_European_Union|European Union Agencies]].

=== Purpose ===
In alignment with the core objectives of the '''EDIAQI''' project, the '''IPCHEM''' platform addresses a critical gap in the European chemical policy knowledge base: the lack of integrated data on chemical exposure and resulting body burdens in humans and the environment.

Additional core purposes of '''IPCHEM''' include:
* Facilitating the discovery of chemical monitoring initiatives for specific substances and media.
* Providing transparent access to the conditions of data use and data-sharing licensing for specific collections.
* Supplying documentation on sampling strategies and analytical chemical methods used in each initiative.

Through these functions, '''IPCHEM''' establishes a coordinated framework for collecting, storing, accessing, and evaluating data on the occurrence of individual chemicals and chemical mixtures. As highlighted in the European Commission Communication ''"The combination effects of chemicals – Chemical mixtures"'', this coordinated framework helps establish links between environmental exposure and epidemiological data, facilitating research into biological effects and supporting improved public health outcomes [1].

=== Contributors and Data Ingestion ===
Chemical occurrence data can be searched and retrieved via the [https://ipchem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/#discovery '''IPCHEM Search Engine''']. Primary data contributors to '''IPCHEM''' include:
* Competent Authorities of [[wikipedia:Member_state_of_the_European_Union|EU Member States]]
* Universities and research institutions
* International non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
* Public and private bodies monitoring chemical occurrences
* European Commission Services and decentralized EU Agencies (such as the EEA, ECHA, and EFSA)

Within the '''EDIAQI''' project framework (Work Package 4: Task 4.1 and Task 4.3), project partners regularly deliver validated chemical monitoring data to '''IPCHEM'''. Static and chemical dataset submissions follow standard IPCHEM metadata exchange templates and reporting protocols on an annual basis.

=== Data Availability and Interoperability ===
By default, chemical monitoring data hosted on the '''IPCHEM''' platform is accessible under the principles of Free, Full, Open, and Timely access, adhering to the ''European Strategy for Data'' and the [[wikipedia:Directive_on_the_re-use_of_public_sector_information|Open Data Directive]].

Data entries are paired with standardized metadata to ensure complete interpretability and FAIR compliance (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable):
* All datasets follow international metadata schemas such as [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]] (ISO 15836) and DCAT-AP.
* Measured chemical parameters are mapped to persistent identifiers and reference vocabularies, including the European Chemicals Agency ([[wikipedia:European_Chemicals_Agency|ECHA]]) database and EIONET vocabularies.
* Datasets are fully indexed and discoverable through [[wikipedia:Elasticsearch|Elasticsearch]] metadata services.

== References ==
1. [https://ipchem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/IPCHEM_Quick_Reference_Guide_V4.pdf IPCHEM - Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring: Quick Reference Guide for End-Users]

[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]
[[Category:IAQ Policy and Guidelines]]

PM0.1

2026-09-10T11:36:07Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== '''Definition''' ===

The so-called ultrafine particles (UFP), which are smaller than 0.1 micrometre, are considered to be among the most dangerous pollutants, as due to their small size they can even reach the bloodstream and thus affect various organs, as well as the central nervous system and the reproductive system, among others.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

The legislated particle sizes are PM2.5 and PM10; although UFPs are among the most dangerous airborne pollutants, there are no regulatory standards to control UFP emissions.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Dust microbiome

2026-09-10T11:35:40Z

Ular.palmiste:

People spend a significant amount of time indoors, especially within their homes, where they are exposed to a large number of microbes which can have important implications for their health. With the advancement of sequencing technologies, it is now possible to study the indoor microbiome and how it affects the inhabitants. House dust is the main reservoir of microbial taxa in the domestic environment. The amount and diversity of the microbiome in dust affect health, especially because dust-born microbes and their products suspend into the air and produce a significant indoor exposure by breathing.

Indoor dust includes different fungi and bacteria (mostly gram-positive bacteria). Molecular methods such as next generation sequencing are reliable tools for identifying and tracking the bacterial and fungal diversity in dust samples. For that purpose, 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA gene) (V3-V4 region) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon (ITS2 region) are commonly analyzed.

Many studies on the microbiome of house dust have focused on microbial taxa associated with allergies and asthma. Interestingly, higher microbial diversity in the environment has been found to be inversely associated with asthma. For example, children who grow up in the environments with a wide range of microbial exposures, like farming environments or households with a lot of members, are more likely to be protected from childhood asthma and atopy than urban children and single children.

Most prominent environmental factors affecting the house dust microbiome are:

* living conditions – moisture is associated with more fungi and molds
* level of urbanization - more urbanized areas have a lower microbial diversity and higher allergy rates
* season – significant variation in fungal, but not bacterial composition
* pets – contribute to higher microbial diversity, which reduces health risks

[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Dust microbiome

2026-09-10T11:35:24Z

Ular.palmiste:

Bioaerosols

2026-09-10T11:34:33Z

Ular.palmiste:

Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015).

=== '''Endotoxins''' ===
Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed.
Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008).

=== '''Indoor fungi''' ===
Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b).

Modified wood products, wood polyethylene composites and plywood are susceptible to infestation by fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Thacker 2004, Doherty et al. 2011). Some of the substrates for indoor fungi are inner wall materials used in buildings, such as prefabricated gypsum boards, cork liners and mineral wool; polyurethane used in composites, painted surfaces, fibre glass insulation and ceiling tiles; and paper and glue used in indoor surfaces. Additionally, nutrients in house dust and water favour fungal growth on all building materials. Thus, it is very likely that any hygroscopic or moist natural or synthetic material may serve as a substrate for saprophytic, biodeteriogenic or cellulolytic fungi and enable them to grow indoors (Samson 2011, Li et al. 2015). The mould growth on building materials causes changes in the structure and porosity of plywood and concrete and penetrates the building material in search of nutrients. Over time, the building material will become more fragile as the structure weakens (Andersen et al. 2011b, Viitanen et al. 2010).

In schools, Trichoderma species are typically found on wet manufactured wood and gypsum boards (Lübeck et al. 2000, McMullin et al. 2017), and Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus versicolor have been associated with moisture damage (Salonen et al. 2015). Moreover, species of the indoor fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus are known to be capable of plastic degradation, for example, in a structure made of concrete that contains plasticizers (Danso et al. 2019, Gregory 2009). In school environments in continental and moderate climates, the most common indoor fungal genera are Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. (Salonen et al. 2015).

In mould-damaged buildings, the indoor mycobiota might be extensive and form a significant indoor source of fungi (Gutarowska and Piotrowska 2007). Surfaces covered with fungal biomass release conidia into indoor air, and indoor settled dust may be enriched with these conidia and may preserve them. Viable conidia in settled indoor dust, thus, serves as a reservoir for recolonization of favourable ecological niches in the building (Kildesø et al. 2003). Air filters, such as exhaust air filters in the air handling unit, and ventilation ducts may also be colonized by fungi. Indoor fungi can be useful indicators of IAQ; therefore, a deeper understanding of their biology is important (Cabral 2010).

House dust contains mainly textile fibres and human-based materials, as well as fungi and bacteria (Rintala et al. 2012) and material from plant and animal sources. Fungi and their residues are sampled from air, surfaces, dust or building material. Particle measurement techniques especially developed for biological particles are needed for the sampling of airborne fungi. In culturing methods, air samples are collected directly on an agar surface (impactors) or a liquid medium (impingers) (Nevalainen et al. 2015). These samples are quantitatively assessed as the concentration per square metre of air (Reponen et al. 2011, Pasanen 2001). For a largescale study, air sampling using air samplers is often too costly and laborious. Therefore, settled dust sampling methods for measurement of long-term exposure have been developed for indoor sampling (Gehring et al. 2008).
Floor sampling is typically done by vacuuming a specific area for a pre-determined time (Karvonen et al. 2014). Then, the dust is weighed, and the results are expressed as weight per gram of dust or per square metre. Sampling of mattress dust is often used in allergy-related studies (Hyvärinen et al. 2006). However, dust samples collected by these methods do not represent airborne fungi, and therefore, passive collectors for gathering settled dust from surfaces have been developed (Noss et al. 2010). Passive sampling provides a longer sampling time and, therefore, reflects the long-term airborne exposure.
Fungal species useful as bioindicators for fungal infestations in buildings.

Fungal identification in indoor mould samples is important in order to recognize genera or species that can be used as bioindicators of fungal infestation and water damage in buildings. The traditional methods use morphological characterization of fungal contamination to provide simple and fast genus-level identification, but species-level identification usually requires DNA-based methods (Samson 2011). Toxicity profile bioassays, mycoparasitism analysis and fluorescence emission methods could be useful for separating indoor isolates into morphotypes, and this could enable screening for certain indicator species and speed up the identification procedure (Castagnoli et al. 2018). The species which have been proposed to be indicative of moisture in buildings are tertiary colonizers that need a high aw >90 and produce conidia in slimy masses which are not easily aerosolized, for example, species of the genera Trichoderma and Stachybotrys (Nielsen et al. 2004, Li et al. 2015).

Mycoparasitic fungi prey on other fungal species and kill their fungal prey by invasion and secretion of certain enzymes, and feeding on the released nutrients (Karlsson et al. 2017). The necrotrophic species T. atroviride may be the bestknown species that exhibits strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism. Necrotrophic mycoparasites are destructive, have a wide host range and nonselectively prey on live and dead fungal biomass (Karlsson et al. 2017). The strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism exhibited by T. atroviride may indicate availability of fungal prey on wet building materials. Li et al. (2015) suggest that the presence of viable conidia of Trichoderma species, such as T. atroviride, in airborne or settled dust, extracted from exhaust filters, should be considered as a significant indicator, based on which further investigation should be conducted to confirm the presence of this species (Li et al. 2015, Castagnoli et al. 2018).

''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''
[[Category:Indoor Air pollutants]]
__FORCETOC__

World Health Organization Guidelines

2026-09-10T11:22:55Z

Ular.palmiste:

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from key WHO publications and global evidence reviews issued between 1987 and 2023.<ref name="WHO_1987" /><ref name="WHO_2023" />

The World Health Organization plays a crucial role in establishing health-based air quality guidelines to protect populations worldwide from the adverse effects of air pollution.<ref name="WHO_1987" /> Recognizing that air pollution represents one of the greatest environmental risks to human health, the WHO has been periodically publishing evidence-based evaluations and target values since 1987.<ref name="WHO_1987" /><ref name="WHO_2021" />

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by the WHO as a fundamental requirement for human health and wellbeing.<ref name="WHO_2010" /> Because modern populations spend up to 90% of their time inside buildings, indoor exposure is a critical determinant of public health.<ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2023" /> The WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major driver of global morbidity and mortality, causing over 3 million premature deaths annually from non-communicable diseases, respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular disorders.<ref name="WHO_2014" /><ref name="WHO_2023" /> Key risk factors including persistent moisture, biological agents, chemical off-gassing from building materials, consumer products, and fuel combustion contribute substantially to this burden.<ref name="WHO_2009" /><ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2014" />

The primary objective of WHO air quality guidelines is to provide a scientific basis for eliminating or minimizing hazardous environmental contaminants.<ref name="WHO_2010" /> These guidelines are intended to inform risk management strategies and national standard-setting, but they do not constitute legally binding standards in themselves.<ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2021" /> National authorities must adapt these recommendations to local environmental, social, and economic conditions while striving to keep exposure concentrations as low as practically achievable.<ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2021" />

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO guidelines addressing indoor environments have evolved through several scientific milestones:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe ===
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The first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the direct relevance of indoor air and including pollutants commonly found inside structures.<ref name="WHO_1987" /> It established distinct methodological approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and chemical carcinogens (unit risk estimations).<ref name="WHO_1987" />
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition) ===
This edition incorporated updated epidemiological data and refined toxicological risk assessment methodologies.<ref name="WHO_2000" /> It expanded the list of covered contaminants and introduced a dedicated section on indoor environments, addressing pollutants such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon.<ref name="WHO_2000" /> It affirmed that guidelines apply across all non-occupational indoor and outdoor settings.<ref name="WHO_2000" />
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005) ===
Focused on four classical pollutants: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).<ref name="WHO_2005" /> It provided updated global guideline levels applicable to both indoor and outdoor spaces, and introduced incremental interim targets to assist developing economies and heavily polluted regions in tracking air quality improvements.<ref name="WHO_2005" />

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould ===
Focused specifically on biological agents and indoor moisture dynamics.<ref name="WHO_2009" /> The review concluded that strong clinical and epidemiological evidence links persistent dampness and mould growth with respiratory symptoms, allergies, hypersensitivity reactions, and asthma exacerbation.<ref name="WHO_2009" /> Because numeric health thresholds cannot be reliably defined for complex microbiological mixtures, the WHO recommended prioritizing the prevention and remediation of moisture problems rather than setting numerical biological limits.<ref name="WHO_2009" />
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants ===
Established health-based guideline values and risk assessments for nine priority indoor chemical contaminants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, evaluated via benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.<ref name="WHO_2010" />
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion ===
Addressed the severe health risks associated with burning solid fuels (biomass and coal) and kerosene for domestic cooking and heating.<ref name="WHO_2014" /> The document established emission rate targets (ERTs) required for household stoves to achieve WHO air quality targets for PM2.5 and CO, while explicitly discouraging the domestic use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.<ref name="WHO_2014" />
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines ===
Provided revised, significantly lower exposure guideline levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO based on extensive evidence of adverse health effects occurring at much lower concentrations than previously documented.<ref name="WHO_2021" /> The update retained interim targets and added good practice statements for emerging particulate metrics, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and black carbon (BC).<ref name="WHO_2021" />

=== 2023: Household Air Pollution and Health Evidence Update ===
Synthesized current worldwide exposure data and epidemiological findings concerning household air pollution.<ref name="WHO_2023" /> The assessment highlighted that reliance on polluting fuels and inefficient stoves causes 3.2 million premature deaths annually, disproportionately affecting women and young children in low- and middle-income settings, while reinforcing the need for clean fuel transitions and comprehensive ventilation strategies.<ref name="WHO_2023" />

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide an essential scientific foundation for designing national indoor air quality policies and building standards, even though they remain non-binding recommendations.<ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2021" /> Translating international guidelines into enforceable national building codes requires careful adaptation to local climatic conditions, housing stocks, energy efficiency goals, and the protection of vulnerable groups such as children and individuals with asthma.<ref name="WHO_2010" />

Comprehensive indoor air management relies on five core pillars:
* '''Continuous Monitoring:''' Quantifying indoor pollutants using validated sensing and analytical methods.<ref name="WHO_2021" />
* '''Source Control:''' Preventing emissions by selecting low-emission construction products, venting combustion appliances outdoors, and banning indoor smoking.<ref name="WHO_2010" /><ref name="WHO_2014" />
* '''Ventilation:''' Providing sufficient outdoor air exchange to dilute occupant-generated bioeffluents and indoor emissions while managing indoor humidity levels.<ref name="WHO_2009" />
* '''Cross-Sector Policy Integration:''' Aligning public health objectives with building energy performance standards, housing policies, and urban planning frameworks.<ref name="WHO_2014" />
* '''Public Awareness:''' Equipping building managers, educators, and citizens with actionable information to identify and mitigate indoor pollution hazards.<ref name="WHO_2023" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:IAQ Policy and Guidelines]]

World Health Organization Guidelines

2026-09-10T11:22:36Z

Ular.palmiste:

National IAQ Guidelines

2026-09-10T11:18:57Z

Ular.palmiste:

'''National IAQ Guidelines''' refer to the diverse collection of legislative acts, technical standards, and health-based reference values established by individual countries to evaluate and manage indoor air quality (IAQ) in residential, educational, public, and commercial buildings.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />

While ambient (outdoor) air quality is strictly regulated across the European Union through binding directives, including Directive 2008/50/EC and Directive (EU) 2024/2881 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, there is currently no overarching EU directive establishing mandatory limit values for indoor environments.<ref name="EU_2008" /><ref name="EU_2024" /><ref name="Settimo_2020" /> As a result, the governance of indoor air quality remains largely decentralized across EU Member States, leading to significant variations in legal enforceability, covered chemical and biological compounds, reference exposure metrics, and monitoring protocols across Europe.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />

== Regulatory Landscape in Europe: Binding vs. Indicative Frameworks ==
European countries approach indoor air quality governance through different legal, institutional, and technical mechanisms.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Zhang_2022" /> In most European countries, indoor air standards serve primarily as health-based recommendations or hygiene guidelines without direct penal enforcement, although several nations have introduced statutory obligations for specific priority pollutants and vulnerable building typologies.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />

=== Germany ===
Germany possesses one of the most established evaluation systems for chemical contaminants in indoor air.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
* '''Institutional Framework:''' The German Committee on Indoor Air Guide Values (Ausschuss für Innenraumrichtwerte: AIR), established under the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt: UBA) and the Highest State Health Authorities, derives toxicologically grounded guide values.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
* '''Two-Tiered Evaluation Scheme:'''
** '''Guide Value I (Richtwert I - RW I / Precautionary Value):''' Concentration of an indoor air substance for which no adverse health effects are expected, even during lifelong continuous exposure.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /> Values between RW I and RW II warrant hygiene-related vigilance and targeted source reduction.<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
** '''Guide Value II (Richtwert II - RW II / Hazard/Action Value):''' An action-triggering concentration requiring immediate mitigation and remediation to protect occupants from acute or chronic health risks.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
* '''Target Pollutants:''' UBA and AIR have established guideline values for aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), glycol ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), total VOCs (TVOC), and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene.<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" /><ref name="Settimo_2020" />

=== France ===
France was among the first European nations to implement mandatory IAQ surveillance in public buildings accommodating sensitive populations.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''Mandatory Monitoring in Schools:''' Under national decrees (Decrees 2011-1727 and 2011-1728), mandatory IAQ monitoring programs have been phased in for establishments accommodating children, including nurseries, kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary education facilities.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Sadrizadeh_2022" />
* '''Monitored Parameters:''' Compliance targets focus on priority indoor contaminants: formaldehyde, benzene, perchloroethylene near dry-cleaning facilities, and carbon dioxide (CO2, evaluated through the ICONE confinement index to assess ventilation adequacy).<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''Guideline Values (VGAI):''' The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) establishes Indoor Air Quality Guideline Values (Valeurs Guides de qualité d'Air Intérieur: VGAI) covering both acute short-term and chronic long-term exposure scenarios.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />

=== Finland ===
Finland manages indoor air quality through building codes, housing decrees, and an established voluntary classification structure.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''Statutory Standards:''' The Housing Health Decree from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (MSAH) and building regulations set binding minimum requirements for ventilation rates, moisture management, and limit concentrations for parameters such as CO, CO2, ammonia (NH3), and PM10.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''The 1/10 OEL Principle:''' For unlisted indoor volatile chemicals, Finnish guidance allows estimating acceptable indoor concentrations as 1/10 of the Occupational Exposure Limit (HTP value), with cumulative addition formulas applied when multiple chemicals are present.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
* '''Voluntary Classification (S1, S2, S3):''' Developed by the Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (FiSIAQ), the Classification of Indoor Environment categorizes indoor spaces into S1 (Individual), S2 (Good), and S3 (Satisfactory), directly linking target air metrics to the M1 low-emission certification for building materials.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />

=== Portugal ===
Portugal maintains a statutory regulatory regime governing commercial and service buildings.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''Mandatory Building Audits:''' Under national building energy and indoor environmental quality certification frameworks (the RECS framework), commercial offices, schools, and public buildings above defined floor area thresholds must undergo periodic IAQ audits.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
* '''Binding Reference Limits:''' Maximum permissible concentrations are specified for PM10, PM2.5, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), formaldehyde, TVOC, and bioaerosols (bacteria and fungi).<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /> Exceedance of these thresholds legally requires building operators to execute corrective ventilation maintenance or building remediation.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />

=== Other National Frameworks in Europe ===
* '''Belgium:''' Regional legislation, such as the Flemish Indoor Air Decree, establishes target, intervention, and action values for public and residential buildings, supported by scientific advice from the Superior Health Council.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
* '''Austria:''' An interdisciplinary working group established by the Ministry of Environment and the Austrian Academy of Sciences formulates evaluation guidelines (Richtlinie zur Bewertung der Innenraumluft) based on toxicological No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) methodology for substances such as toluene, styrene, and TVOC.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
* '''The Netherlands:''' The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) has established health-based indoor guideline values based on Maximum Permissible Risk (MPR) benchmarks.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
* '''Lithuania:''' Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 35:2007 defines legally binding maximum permissible chemical concentrations for residential and public indoor spaces.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
* '''Italy:''' The National Study Group on Indoor Air (GdS) at the National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita: ISS) publishes technical reports (Rapporti ISTISAN) detailing standardized monitoring protocols for VOCs, PM, asbestos, radon, and school environments.<ref name="Settimo_2020" />

== Comparison of National Approaches for Common Pollutants ==
The following table summarizes common national frameworks across Europe, comparing institutional responsibility, legal nature, and priority target pollutants.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
! Country !! Responsible Institution(s) !! Legal Character !! Monitored Key Pollutants
|-
| '''Germany'''<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
| German Environment Agency (UBA) / Committee on Indoor Air Guide Values (AIR)
| Health-based guide values (RW I precautionary, RW II action value)
| Formaldehyde, VOCs, BTEX, TVOC, CO, PM2.5, Benzo[a]pyrene, Glycols, Terpenes
|-
| '''France'''<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
| Ministry of Environment / ANSES
| Mandatory surveillance in schools and nurseries (Decrees 2011-1727 & 1728); VGAI values
| Formaldehyde, Benzene, Carbon Dioxide (ICONE index), Tetrachloroethylene
|-
| '''Finland'''<ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" />
| Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (MSAH) / FiSIAQ
| Statutory housing health decrees; Voluntary building classification (S1-S3)
| CO, CO2, PM10, NH3, TVOC, chemical mixtures (1/10 OEL rule)
|-
| '''Portugal'''<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
| Ministry of Environment / Energy Agency (ADENE)
| Legally binding limit values for commercial and service buildings (RECS)
| PM10, PM2.5, CO2, CO, Ozone, Formaldehyde, TVOC, Bacteria, Fungi
|-
| '''Austria'''<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
| Ministry of Environment / Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW)
| Technical health guidelines (NOAEL-based Richtlinie)
| Formaldehyde, Styrene, Toluene, CO2, TVOC, Trichloroethylene
|-
| '''Lithuania'''<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
| Ministry of Health
| Statutory hygiene norms (Hygiene Norm HN 35:2007)
| Permissible chemical concentrations in residential and public spaces
|-
| '''Italy'''<ref name="Settimo_2020" />
| National Study Group (GdS) at National Institute of Health (ISS)
| Technical guidelines (Rapporti ISTISAN); workplace occupational rules
| VOCs, PM10, PM2.5, Asbestos, Radon, Microclimate parameters
|}

== Geographical Disparities, Housing, and Health Equity ==
Disparities in national indoor standards and building conditions correlate with clear geographical and socio-economic patterns across Europe.<ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /><ref name="Laurent_2022" />
* '''Northern and Western Europe:''' Countries such as Finland, Sweden, and Germany generally demonstrate lower indoor concentrations of VOCs and combustion-related PAHs in schools and homes.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="Sadrizadeh_2022" /> This pattern is supported by stringent building envelope standards, balanced mechanical ventilation systems equipped with filtration, and widespread adoption of low-emission building materials.<ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /><ref name="Zhang_2022" />
* '''Southern and Eastern Europe:''' Monitoring campaigns frequently document elevated indoor levels of formaldehyde, benzene, and combustion products.<ref name="Settimo_2020" /><ref name="EEA_2023" /> Contributing factors include higher reliance on solid fuel and biomass heating, greater infiltration of traffic emissions, and reliance on natural window opening during periods of adverse outdoor climate.<ref name="Laurent_2022" /><ref name="EEA_2023" />
* '''Vulnerable Groups and Health Equity:''' The absence of harmonized European indoor limits exacerbates health inequalities, leaving vulnerable groups (such as children with asthma and elderly occupants) disproportionately exposed to preventable indoor air hazards depending on their geographic location and housing quality.<ref name="EEA_2023" /><ref name="Laurent_2022" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D61" />

== Integration with Building Energy Performance and Ventilation ==
National IAQ guidelines are increasingly interconnected with European building energy regulations.<ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D61" /> Under the European Commission Renovation Wave strategy and the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), energy efficiency renovations must safeguard indoor environmental quality:<ref name="EDIAQI_D61" /><ref name="EU_2024" />
* '''Ventilation Standards:''' National guidelines reference minimum outdoor air delivery rates (typically 7 to 10 L/s per person in non-residential buildings, or 0.42 L/s per m² in dwellings) and recommend maintaining continuous indoor CO2 concentrations below 1000 ppm to prevent pollutant accumulation.<ref name="Sadrizadeh_2022" /><ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D61" />
* '''Continuous Environmental Sensing:''' The deployment of dedicated measuring and control devices for continuous monitoring of key indoor environmental parameters is increasingly promoted in new constructions and major deep renovations.<ref name="EDIAQI_D61" /><ref name="EU_2024" />

== The Contribution of the EDIAQI Project ==
To address the current fragmentation across national regulatory frameworks, the Horizon Europe EDIAQI project (Grant Agreement 101057497) is gathering scientific, biological, and toxicological evidence across multiple European pilot cities:<ref name="EDIAQI_D61" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
* '''Measurement Standardization:''' Developing common observational protocols and validating low-cost multi-sensor devices against certified reference equipment to generate comparable cross-country data.<ref name="EDIAQI_D31" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />
* '''Health-Based Evidence:''' Analyzing prospective and retrospective clinical cohorts to identify biological mechanisms and dose-response relationships for vulnerable populations exposed to complex pollutant mixtures.<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" /><ref name="WHO_2010" />
* '''Clean Air Act 2050 Roadmap:''' In Work Package 6 (Task 6.3), EDIAQI is developing the Clean Air Act 2050 Roadmap (Deliverable D6.3) to provide European and national policymakers with actionable recommendations for integrating indoor air quality into broader EU clean air policies and the Zero Pollution Action Plan.<ref name="EC_2021" /><ref name="EDIAQI_D61" />

== Related Project Pages ==
* [[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]
* [[EU regulations and guidelines]]
* [[World Health Organization Guidelines]]
* [[Professional and Scientific Recommendations]]
* [[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Settimo_2020">{{#lst:Reading List|Settimo_2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Dimitroulopoulou_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|Dimitroulopoulou_2023}}</ref>
<ref name="EDIAQI_D32">{{#lst:Reading List|EDIAQI_D32}}</ref>
<ref name="EDIAQI_D31">{{#lst:Reading List|EDIAQI_D31}}</ref>
<ref name="EDIAQI_D61">{{#lst:Reading List|EDIAQI_D61}}</ref>
<ref name="EU_2008">{{#lst:Reading List|EU_2008}}</ref>
<ref name="EU_2024">{{#lst:Reading List|EU_2024}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Sadrizadeh_2022">{{#lst:Reading List|Sadrizadeh_2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Laurent_2022">{{#lst:Reading List|Laurent_2022}}</ref>
<ref name="EEA_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|EEA_2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang_2022">{{#lst:Reading List|Zhang_2022}}</ref>
<ref name="EC_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|EC_2021}}</ref>
</references>

[[Category:IAQ Policy and Guidelines]]

National IAQ Guidelines

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Radon

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=== Definition ===

Radon gas is a major source of naturally occurring ionising radiation and a major contributor to the ionising radiation doses received by the population. Prolonged exposure to radon may increase the risk of lung cancer. The unit of measurement is the Becquerel per cubic metre (Bq-m-3).

=== Predominant sources of emissions ===

It is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in soils and rocks, which penetrates into interior spaces driven by pressure, as the air inside an enclosed space is usually warmer, therefore at lower pressure than the gas in the underlying soil.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for Radon is 100 Bq/m3 (If such a level cannot be achieved in the current country-specific circumstances, the chosen reference level should in any case not exceed 300 Bq/m3) on an annual average.

According to Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom: The limit value for Radon is 300 Bq/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

PM10

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=== '''Definition''' ===

PM10 particles are those with diameters of less than 10 micrometres. PM10 is largely composed of primary particles emitted directly into the atmosphere by both natural phenomena and the human activities, such as combustion processes in kitchens, use of wood-burning cookers, tobacco, electronic cigarettes, etc.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for PM10 is 45 μg/m3 for 24 hours and 15 μg/m<ref>World Health Organization (2021). ''WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide''. World Health Organization. p. 273. hdl:10665/345334. ISBN <bdi>9789240034433</bdi>.</ref>3 on an annual average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for PM10 is 50 μg/m3 for 24 hours average and 40 μg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

PM2.5

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=== Definition ===

PM2.5 particles are those with diameters of less than 2.5 micrometres*. They are therefore a subset of [[PM10]] particles and more harmful than PM10, as they can reach further into the lungs and can be more toxic.

PM2.5 particles are usually composed mainly of secondary particles formed in the atmosphere from some of the gaseous precursors.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for PM2.5 is 15 μg/m3 for 24 hours and 5 μg/m3 on an annual average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for PM2.5 is 20 μg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

CO

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=== '''Definition''' ===

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas emitted as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

In general, any fuel containing carbon (gas, oil, coal, wood...) that is burned without sufficient oxygen to form CO2 is a potential source of CO.
Carbon monoxide is produced indoors by combustion sources (cooking and heating) and is also introduced through infiltration of carbon monoxide from outdoor air into the indoor environment.
Clogged fireplaces, heaters without properly functioning safety devices and tobacco smoke are the most important sources of carbon monoxide exposure.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for CO is 100 mg/m3 for 15 minutes average, 35 mg/m3 for 1 hour average, 10 mg/m3 for 8 hours average and 7 mg/m3 for 24 hours average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for CO is 10 mg/m3 for 8 hours average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

NO2

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There are seven nitrogen oxides that can be found in ambient air. However, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the two main nitrogen oxides associated with combustion sources.

=== '''Definition''' ===

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reactive gas that is formed mainly by the oxidation of NO. It is involved in harmful reactions such as those leading to tropospheric ozone or nitric acid, and is therefore a pollutant in its own right as well as a precursor to other pollutants.
Under ambient conditions, both outdoors and indoors, nitrogen dioxide exists in gaseous form.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

The main indoor sources of this pollutant are fuel-burning cookers (wood, paraffin, natural gas, propane, etc.), fuel-burning heating systems (wood, oil, natural gas, etc.) and tobacco use.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to both the World Health Organization and DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for NO2 is 200 μg/m3 for 1 hour average and 40 μg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

O3

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=== '''Definition''' ===

Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed from a complex series of chemical reactions of primary precursor pollutants, mainly NOx and VOCs, in the presence of solar radiation.

Ozone has a positive effect in the stratosphere, where it forms the so-called ozone layer, as it protects against ultraviolet radiation. However, in the troposphere it becomes a pollutant that acts as a powerful and aggressive oxidising agent.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

Ozone is a pollutant of concern in outdoor air, as the primary pollutants with which it reacts mainly come from road traffic, but ozone is also generated indoors by the use of electrical appliances such as photocopiers, laser printers, ionising air cleaners or disinfection devices.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for O3 is 100 μg/m3 for 8 hours average.

According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The limit value for O3 is 120 μg/m3 for 8 hours average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Trichloroethylene

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=== '''Definition''' ===

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widely used industrial solvent. It is a volatile, colourless liquid with a sweet odour (similar to chloroform).
It is mainly used for steam degreasing and cold cleaning of manufactured metal parts (80-95% of consumption). Other applications include industrial dry cleaning, printing, printing ink production, extraction processes, paint production and textile printing.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

Contaminated water can be a source of indoor exposure because it can volatilise rapidly from surface water through showering or the use of washing machines and dishwashers, for example. Contaminated soil can also contribute to TCE concentrations in ambient air through vapour intrusion (when TCE in soil gas enters dwellings through cracks in foundations). Dermal exposure can contribute to total exposure, especially through the use of detergent products or showering. In addition, the use of products where TCE is used as a solvent can led to high concentrations in indoor air.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to the World Health Organization, since there is sufficient evidence that TCE is a genotoxic carcinogen, all indoor exposures are considered relevant and no threshold can be determined.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Tetrachloroethylene

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=== '''Definition''' ===

Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a colourless, readily volatile liquid with an ether-like odour. The main industrial applications of PCE are as a dry-cleaning agent, degreaser for fabricated metal parts, and industrial solvent. Other applications include textile finishing, production of printing inks, and formulation of adhesives.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

There are no known natural sources of PCE.
Concerning indoor sources:

- Contaminated drinking water can be a source of indoor exposure to PCE.

- Dry-cleaning workers have become sources of PCE in the home by exhaling it.

- Dry-cleaned laundry is also a possible source of PCE.

- Soil contamination with PCE has led to concentrations of these chemicals in indoor air as they evaporate and can leach through indoor air.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to World Health Organization, the limit value for tetrachloroethylene is 0.25 mg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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=== '''Definition''' ===

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants formed in the combustion process of carbonaceous materials at high temperature. They are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. Low molecular weight PAHs (two and three rings) are found in the atmosphere predominantly in the vapour phase, while multi-ring PAHs (five or more rings) are largely particle bound and are considered very dangerous to human health.

=== '''Predominant sources of emissions''' ===

Benzo(a)pyrene is often used as a marker for total exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, as its contribution to the total carcinogenic potential is high.
Indoor air is polluted by PAHs, which come not only from infiltration or intrusion of outdoor air, but also from indoor emission sources such as smoking, cooking, domestic heating with fuel cookers and open fireplaces, as well as emissions from incense and candles.

=== '''Legislation and intervals''' ===

According to DIRECTIVE 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air: The limit value for Benzo(a)pyrene is 1 ng/m3 on an annual average. However, according to World Health Organization, no threshold can be determined and all indoor exposures are considered health relevant.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Naphthalene

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=== Definition ===

Naphthalene occurs naturally in fossil fuels such as oil and coal, and is produced when burning wood or tobacco. It is also the most volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with a gas phase share of 90-100%.

=== Predominant sources of emissions ===

Limited information is available on indoor air concentrations of naphthalene and exposure levels. Common indoor sources of naphthalene are unvented paraffin stoves and tobacco smoke. Used in the household as a moth repellent.

=== Legislation and intervals ===

According to World Health Organization: The limit value for Naphthalene is 0.01 mg/m3 on an annual average.
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Particulate matter

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In addition to gaseous components, a variety of contaminants in the form of airborne particles may be detected in indoor air. PM covers solid particles and liquid droplets found in air. Airborne particles cover a range of diameters—from a few nanometres to tens of micrometres—and are usually described based on their equivalent diameter. PM is usually categorized as PM2.5, PM10, and ultrafine particles (UFPs), which have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, 10 μm and 100 nm, respectively. The particle size and chemical composition of PM influence their transport and suspension in the air and their deposition in the lungs (Morawska and Salthammer 2003).
From a regulatory point of view, the most common approach for assessing PM is to monitor the mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 collected through a filter, but recently, the scientific focus is on measuring the UFP surface area and particle number concentrations (Cauda et al. 2012, Pacitto et al. 2018b). For determining the mean concentrations in an area, the common assumption is that each person in each region has the same exposure level. However, actual individual exposure is strongly dependent on personal time-activity patterns; therefore, the monitoring of mean concentrations could lead to significant errors and the development of individual- level monitoring is, therefore, recommended (Bo et al. 2017, Buonanno et al. 2014).

== Indoor particles ==

== Outdoor particles ==
While gravity pulls larger particles (over 20 micrometers in diameter) down to the ground, smaller particles can remain suspended in the air for extended periods. These smaller particles can then enter indoor environments through ventilation systems.

PM is either directly emitted into the air or converted from gaseous precursors derived from anthropogenic and natural sources (Atkinson et al. 2010). Fine particles (PM2.5) are primarily a product of the combustion of coal, oil or gasoline, or released during the transformation of gases and organics (Srimuruganandam and Nagendra 2012). Coarse particles (PM10) are released through resuspension of road and street soil or industrial dusts, suspension of disturbed soils (e.g. during farming and mining), construction, coal and oil combustion, and ocean spray (Srimuruganandam and Nagendra 2012). Apart from dust, fly ash and oxides are also formed during various processes; additionally, coarse PM is also composed of pollen, bacteria and plant parts (Cheung et al. 2011). Road and vehicle-based dust formed 11% of total primary emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 in the European Union during 2017 (EEA 2019). Importantly, PM is one of the most severe pollutants with regard to health, especially in urban areas.

Indoor particles vary in size, form and chemical composition. They consist of ambient particles that infiltrate indoors and particles emitted or formed through various indoor processes and activities (Morawska et al. 2017). In indoor air, particles from different sources persist via deposition and resuspension. In urban environments, ambient particles originate mainly from traffic emissions, fossil fuel burning and resuspension, and also chemical and thermodynamic processes (Belis et al. 2013). Some indoor activities that contribute to indoor particles are, for example, cooking, smoking, cleaning, and candle burning, or chalk dust and art classes in school environments. Indoor particles have some differences in their composition and toxicity from outdoor aerosols; thus, it is essential to consider these separately (Oeder et al. 2011). In school environments, PM2.5 and PM10 have been shown to mainly be of indoor origin (as a result of resuspension, for example), whereas outdoor air seems to be the main source of UFPs (Morawska 2017, Oeder et al. 2011).

Human exposure to PM occurs mostly indoors, as a large proportion of time is spent indoors, and microenvironments are the major contributors with regard to personal exposure (Faria et al. 2020). Geographical location effects the daily particle dose, but culture and lifestyle, e.g. types of cooking, have a stronger effect on the microenvironments in which people spend their time. In a study by Pacitto et al. (2018b), the personal particle dose exposure was shown to be the lowest in Lund, Sweden, where the context is closer to Finland than to other European countries or Australia.

The main indoor sources for PM in school buildings are human activities, plants and building materials, especially mineral fibres (Chatzidiakou et al. 2012). In schools, PM2.5 and PM10 originate mostly from indoor sources; in particular, resuspension of particles brought in on children’s shoes and clothes is a highly significant source of indoor particles (Morawska et al. 2017). Therefore, taking off the shoes when entering the school building could significantly reduce the mass concentration of particles (Leppänen et al. 2020). Dynamic movement and the presence of a large number of people in a confined space increase particle exposure in schools (Fromme 2007). In addition, ventilation and infiltration introduce PM from outdoors, and vehicles are the main source of outdoor PM (Trompetter et al. 2018). A study of school children’s exposure to UFPs found that exposure during school hours was attributable more to urban background particles than traffic near the school, and no persistent indoor particle sources were detected (Mazaheri et al. 2014). Because of climate change, the contribution of natural sources to the ambient PM concentration levels is expected to increase in the future, through phenomenon with far-reaching effects, such as wildfires (Knorr et al. 2017). The adverse health effects of indoor PM in schools can be managed by providing sufficient and filtered ventilation, minimizing the sources of PM in the first place, ensuring cleanliness of the school, and building schools far from busy roads (Rivas et al. 2018, Morawska et al. 2017).

''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''
[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Benzene

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'''Definition'''

Benzene (C6H6) is a colourless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It evaporates very easily, emitting toxic and flammable vapours.

'''Predominant sources of emissions'''

Benzene in indoor air can come from outdoor air and also from indoor sources such as building materials and furniture, attached garages, heating and cooking systems, stored solvents and various human activities. Indoor concentrations are also affected by climatic conditions and the rate of air exchange due to forced or natural ventilation.

'''Legislation and intervals'''

According to the World Health Organization there is no safe exposure value that can be recommended, so it is advisable to reduce indoor exposure levels as much as possible.
According to DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe: The upper assessment threshold for Benzene is 70% of the limit value (3.5 µg/m3) on an annual average. Meanwhile, the lower assessment threshold is 40% of the limit value (2 µg/m3) for Benzene.

[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Template:MainPage

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Ular.palmiste: /* Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki */

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[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

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<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to the EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
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<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
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<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation|'''Ventilation''']]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
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<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
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File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
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<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns|'''Campaigns''']]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|'''Materials''']]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
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<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Reading List|EDIAQI Reading List]]</div> ===

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</div>

</div>

Quantifying Indoor and Outdoor Particle Relationship

2026-09-10T10:56:28Z

Ular.palmiste:

Although a significant portion of people’s time is spent indoors, exposure to particles originating from outdoors is unavoidable. Outdoor particles can penetrate into indoor environments through building ventilation or infiltration. Buildings are typically ventilated using three mechanisms: 1) mechanical ventilation, 2) natural ventilation, and 3) infiltration. All of which allow the entry of outdoor particles into the indoor environment. Mechanical ventilation typically includes supplying fresh (outdoor) air that carries outdoor-originated particles. Depending on the filter present in mechanical ventilation system, particles may still escape and enter indoors. Natural ventilation occurs by moving wind and buoyancy-induced flow (or pressure difference) through opening doors and/or windows, transporting outdoor particles to indoors. Infiltration refers to the uncontrolled flow of air through gaps, cracks, and leaks in the building envelope.

There are several methods to investigate how indoor and outdoor particles are related. The following are the most common experimental methods:

'''Indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio'''

I/O ratio directly displays the relationship between indoor and outdoor particle concentrations, which is very easy to understand and widely used. It provides a general impression of the relationship between indoor and outdoor particles using the expression:

I/O ratio = C<sub>in</sub>/C<sub>out</sub>

where C<sub>in</sub> and C<sub>out</sub> are the indoor and outdoor particle concentrations, respectively. Determining the I/O ratio is done by installing two particle samplers inside and outside the building.

The systematic review of indoor and outdoor relationships by Chen and Zhao (2011), also discussed in a chapter in the Handbook of Indoor Air Quality (2023), provided a summary of major studies (sampled more than 20 houses) showing an enormous range of I/O ratios for both PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, which is highly influenced due to indoor smoking. The lowest I/O ratio was attained when there are few indoor sources, such as houses with filtration and tightness of the building, e.g., 0.71 for PM2.5 in southern California (Clayton et al., 1993), 0.48 for PM10 during winter in a high-rise residential apartment that uses filtration system in South Korea (Jo and Lee, 2006). The difference between the I/O ratios of PM2.5 and PM10 may be because indoor sources emit more coarse than fine particles, while outdoor sources emit less coarse than fine particles.

In general, the I/O ratio is the easiest way to approximate the relationship between indoor and outdoor particle concentrations, but there are many influencing factors, especially the source of indoor particles, resulting in a wide range of measured values (from well below 1 to well above 1), which makes it difficult to deduce insight on indoor/outdoor particle relationships.

'''Infiltration factor'''

The infiltration factor represents the equilibrium fraction of ambient particles that penetrate indoors and remains suspended. The generalized definition of infiltration factor can be expressed as:

C<sub>in</sub> = F<sub>in</sub>C<sub>out</sub> + C<sub>is</sub>

where F<sub>in</sub> is the infiltration factor, and C<sub>is</sub> is the particle concentration that is contributed by indoor sources. After measuring the indoor and outdoor particle concentrations under various conditions, F<sub>in</sub> and C<sub>is</sub> can be solved from the regression of indoor concentration against the outdoor concentration. The slope of the regression represents F<sub>in,</sub> and the intercepts characterize the C<sub>is</sub>.

The infiltration factor is useful for qualifying the fraction of the total indoor particles coming from the outdoor environment. However, since it also includes the process of particle deposition indoors, the infiltration factor is difficult to reflect how outdoor particles enter indoors through buildings. Among other parameters, penetration, air exchange, and deposition rates can affect the infiltration factor. Principally, the infiltration factors of PM2.5 are higher than that of PM10 due to the weaker deposition strength than PM10. Results from experimental and simulated studies show that PM2.5 has approximately 0.5, which would be lower than ultrafine particles and higher than PM10 under the same conditions.

'''Penetration Factor'''

Penetration factor, ''P'', is a parameter that can define the fraction of particles that passes through the building shell. There are several experimental methods to determine penetration factors that can be conducted on real buildings or in a controlled laboratory environment.

One of the methods is by regression approach. This is done by measuring the indoor and outdoor particle concentration under different conditions, C<sub>is</sub>, a linear expression can be written as:

C<sub>out</sub>/(C<sub>in</sub>-C<sub>is</sub>) = (''K''/''P'')(1/''a'') + (1/''P'')

where ''K'' is the particle deposition rate, ''a'' is the air exchange rate. The deposition rate is a particle size-dependent parameter discussed in detail by Lai (2002), Thatcher et al. (2002), Hussein et al. (2005), and Hamdani et al. (2008).

The penetration factor of UFPs (0.59-0.78), PM2.5 (0.72-1), and PM10 (0.69-0.86) are systematically reviewed by Chen and Zhao (2022). They concluded that for accumulation mode particles (0.1-1mm particle diameter), the penetration factors are 0.78 ± 0.17. The value decreases for smaller particles due to Brownian diffusion, or due to strong gravitational setting and impaction for larger particles. Overall, penetration factor is affected by particle size, pressure difference, geometry, surface roughness of cracks, etc.

[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Particles in Indoor Air

2026-09-10T10:54:59Z

Ular.palmiste:

Indoor air particles play a critical role in determining indoor air quality, which directly affects human health and well-being. These particles range in various sizes – from large visible dust particles to small stable gatherings of molecules. Indoor air quality refers to the condition of the air inside buildings, that includes homes, offices, schools, and other enclosed spaces. The study of modern indoor air science started in the 1970s and has since raised concern about indoor air pollution's potential health effects. Health-related studies have investigated the composition, sources, and behavior of indoor particulates and how it is connected to respiratory diseases, allergies, and other cardiovascular problems. Understanding the sources of indoor air particles is crucial to developing effective strategies to maintain a healthy indoor environment and improve the overall quality of life.

Provided below are the primary and secondary sources of particles that people are exposed to indoors.

'''Primary Source'''

'''Cooking'''

Particulate emissions from cooking come from two sources, 1) the heat source (e.g., stove, oven) and 2) the cooking process itself. The type of appliance and ventilation to the outside air influences the input of particles in the cooking area which may affect the overall indoor particle concentration. Heat from direct combustion, such as natural gas, propane, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, and solid fuels (i.e., wood, coal, etc.) emit different ultrafine particle sizes. A properly tuned natural gas combustion produces particles with a geometric mean (GM) mobility diameter of 19.5 ± 1.4 nm, propane flame has a GM of 26.5 ± 1.3 nm, LPG creates 52 ± 1.2 nm particles, and solid fuels are reported to emit 1.23 ± 1.8 nm, 48 ± 1.9 nm, and 152 ± 1.9 nm particles for firewood, coal, and dung cake, respectively. Electrical cooking surfaces can also produce ultrafine particles from organic constituents that condense into the heating elements, which get volatilized and then nucleate to form less than 10 nm particles. Cooking food makes additional source of particles and often represents a primary short-term source of particle emissions. During frying in oil or melted solid fats above their smoke temperature, the water from the food vaporizes to form bubbles which then burst and eject tiny oil droplets into the air. Other cooking activities, such as boiling and broiling, also cause emissions of particles of different sizes.

'''Heating'''

For many houses, stoves are also used to heat the room. Thus, similar sizes of particles may be emitted into the indoor air space.

'''Cleaning'''

Paradoxically, cleaning aims to reduce the level of contamination in indoor spaces, but it could also pose as a source of particles in several ways. Brooming may cause resuspension of particles greater than 1mm. While, vacuuming may also increases particulate matter resuspension, which depend on the efficiency of dust bags (cloth bag vs. HEPA filter).

'''Lifestyle'''

Human daily activities, such as smoking, vaping, candle or incense burning, and use of spray products, can also introduce particles indoors. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), commonly called vaping, have increased in popularity recently as an alternative to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). The use of e-cigs produces similar high levels of fine and ultrafine particles (UFPs) as to t-cigs. Combustion of candles and incense can also produce high concentrations of particles. Candles with added scents elevate particle emissions by releasing volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Different types of wax and wick also affect the particle size distribution of emitted particles, usually in the range of 5.4 – 7.1 nm. Incense has lower combustion temperature which produces much larger particles with particle diameter size of around 136 nm. Other consumer products, such as air fresheners, spray cleaners, and other aerosolized liquids or solids, provide a source of particles indoors. In products with active solutions, particles may be created after the solvent has evaporated.

'''Infiltration of Ambient Aerosol'''

Outdoor particles transporting into indoor space is a major long-term source. The exchange can occur directly from ventilation or infiltration through gaps in the building envelope. Buildings can be ventilated in three ways: mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, and infiltration. Mechanical ventilation includes the use of mechanical equipment such as fans. Opening the windows or doors offer natural ventilation. Infiltration of outdoor particles into the indoor environment occurs through unintentional openings in the building such as cracks and gaps.

'''Secondary Source'''

Indoor chemistry has a significant influence on the composition of indoor particles. Indoor air particles may arise from various chemical reactions and transformations that occur within confined spaces. These reactions can result in the emission of particles of varying sizes and compositions, leading to complex mixtures that may negatively impact human health. Some of the prominent secondary sources of indoor air include photochemical and chemical reactions. Photochemical reactions in indoor spaces are usually fueled by sunlight entering the building although light intensities are usually insufficient to drive the same types of photochemical reactions observed outdoors. There can be photochemical reactions where indoor pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), are exposed to light, they can absorb energy and become excited, which lead to the breaking of chemical bonds and formation of reactive intermediates or radicals that further reacts with molecules in the air forming new compounds or particles. Another pathway in creating particles in indoor environments is the presence of surfaces on which heterogeneous reactions can occur.

Reference: “Handbook of Indoor Air Quality, Volumes 1. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5</nowiki> (and references therein)”

[[Category:Indoor Air Pollutants]]

Guidelines for national indoor environmental quality requirements

2026-09-10T10:52:32Z

Ular.palmiste:

Summary of key guidelines for national indoor environmental quality regulatory requirements:

* Minimum requirements for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic are to be set in the regulation for new buildings and major renovations;
* Indoor air quality, ventilation and thermal comfort requirements can be specified separately for residential and non-residential buildings;
* In non-residential occupied buildings, ventilation capacity must be 7 L/s per person plus 0.7 L/s per m<sup>2</sup> floor area, or alternatively CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations of 900-1200 ppm, depending on occupant density, must be fulfilled;
* In residential buildings an average ventilation capacity of a whole residence shall be 0.42 L/s per m<sup>2</sup> floor area and 7 L/s supply air per person which are recommended to be supported with room-based ventilation rate requirements;
* Room temperature ranges in residential and non-residential buildings must be specified for heating and cooling seasons;
* Establishing a requirement on the lower limit of relative humidity in cold climates and upper limit in southern humid climates can be considered;
* Requirements shall be specified so that it is possible to assess the compliance based on monitoring, measurements or simulations, therefore it is important to specify acceptable deviations;
* Application of measuring and control devices for the monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality shall be required at relevant unit level;
* Conducting continuous measurement of main indoor environmental quality indicators shall be required from continuously occupied spaces;
* It is good to support regulatory requirements with technical guidelines for the design and operation.

''Source: "Proposed modifications and guidelines for implementation of Article 11a ‘Indoorenvironmental quality’ in EPBD draft". Common proposal by REHVA, Nordic Ventilation Group and EUROVENT. June 19, 2023''
[[Category:IAQ Policy and Guidelines]]

SensorThings API

2026-09-10T10:50:52Z

Ular.palmiste:

'''A standard interoperability protocol is a set of rules and specifications that defines how different systems should communicate and exchange data with each other. It acts as a common language or framework that enables seamless integration and interoperability between various technologies.'''

'''One specific standard protocol for interoperability is called SensorThings API (STA) and it is an open standard developed by the [https://www.ogc.org/ Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)]''' that focuses on data exchange and interoperability for Internet of Things (IoT) sensor systems.

Imagine you have a city that wants to collect data from various sensors, such as temperature sensors, air quality sensors, and noise sensors, to monitor the environment. Each sensor might be produced by a different manufacturer and have its own way of storing and transmitting data. This is where STA comes into play.

SensorThings provides a standardized way for sensors to communicate and share their data. '''It defines a set of common interfaces, data models, and protocols that allow sensors to publish their data in a consistent format. This makes it easier for different applications and systems to access and utilize the sensor data.'''

For example, let's say you have a mobile app that displays real-time air quality information to users. By using the SensorThings standard, the app can easily connect to various air quality sensors deployed throughout the city and retrieve the relevant data. It doesn't matter if the sensors come from different manufacturers or use different communication methods, as long as they adhere to the SensorThings API standard the app can access their data seamlessly.

In the OGC context, a standard is an agreed specification of rules and guidelines about how to implement software interfaces and data encodings. Geospatial software vendors, developers and users collaborate in the OGC’s consensus process to develop and agree on standards that enable information systems to exchange geospatial information and instructions for geoprocessing. OGC standards are open standards.

Organizations like the OGC, the IETF, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and others are open organizations in the sense that any individual or organization can participate, the topics of debate are largely public, decisions are democratic (usually by consensus), and specifications are free and readily available. An “open” process is necessary to arrive at an “open” standard. The openness that OGC promotes is part of this general progress. <small>(source: http://opengeospatial.github.io/e-learning/ogc-standards/text/services-ogc.html)</small>

The '''OGC defines Open Standards as standards that are''':

* '''Freely and publicly available''' – They are available free of charge and unencumbered by patents and other intellectual property.
* '''Non discriminatory''' – They are available to anyone, any organization, anytime, anywhere with no restrictions.
* '''No license fees''' - There are no charges at any time for their use.
* '''Vendor neutral''' - They are vendor neutral in terms of their content and implementation concept and do not favor any vendor over another.
* '''Data neutral''' – The standards are independent of any data storage model or format.
* '''Based on Consensus''' - They are defined, documented, and approved by a formal, member driven consensus process. The consensus group remains in charge of changes and no single entity controls the standard.

<small>(Source: https://www.ogc.org/standard/sensorthings/)</small>

In simple terms, STA is like a common rulebook for IoT sensors: it ensures that sensors from different vendors can speak the same language and share their data in a standardized way. This standardization promotes interoperability, making it easier for different systems and applications to work together and make sense of sensor data.
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Interoperability

2026-09-10T10:50:41Z

Ular.palmiste:

Data interoperability refers to the '''ability of different systems, software, or applications to exchange and interpret data effectively'''. It ensures that data can be shared and understood between various systems, regardless of their specific formats, structures, or technologies.

Imagine you have two computer programs that need to share information with each other. Data interoperability ensures that these programs can understand and work with the data they receive, even if they were developed by different companies or use different file formats. '''It's like having a common language or set of rules that allows data to be interpreted and understood by different systems'''. For example, let's say you have a healthcare app that needs to exchange patient information with a hospital's electronic medical record system. Data interoperability ensures that the app and the hospital system can communicate seamlessly, regardless of their specific data formats or databases. This allows the app to access and update patient records accurately and securely.

'''In simple terms, data interoperability is like having a translator that enables different systems to understand and use each other's data, even if they don't speak the same "language." It promotes seamless data exchange, collaboration, and integration between different technologies, making it easier to share and utilize information across various platforms.'''

'''The SensorThings API (aka STA) is a standard specification published by Open Geospatial Consortium for providing an open and unified way to interconnect Internet of Things devices, data, and applications over the Web.''' STA is open, vendor-neutral, data-neutral, and built on Web protocols and the OGC Sensor Web Enablement standards, applying an easy-to-use REST-like style. The result is to provide a uniform way to expose the full potential of the IoT.
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Foobot

2026-09-10T10:50:28Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

Foobot is an indoor air quality monitor. It can detect contaminants present in an environment and make them visible through its LED screen.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

PM: 0 to 1300 μg·m-3; ±4µg or ±20%

VOC: ±10%

Temperature: 15 - 45°C; ±1°C

Relative humidity: 30 - 85%; ±5%

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

WIFI connection required.

Stores data every 5 minutes.

Measurements are instantaneous on demand.

Linked devices need at least IOS 8 or Android 4.3 operating systems.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

It does not support:

-5 GHz WIFI networks.

-Networks requiring secondary authentication.

-Login portals.

-Managed login networks.

-Firewall protected networks.

=== ''' Guide for installation ''' ===

https://fccid.io/2ADTK-FBT0002000/User-Manual/Users-Manual-2497513

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://foobot.io/features/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Wöhler CDL 210

2026-09-10T10:48:37Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

The Wöhler CDL210 allows continuous logging and subsequent downloading of data to PC through the NDIR sensor.
An audible alarm is activated when the preset limit value of the CO2 level is exceeded.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

CO2: 0 -10000 ppm; ±50 ppm ±5%

Temperature: -10°C- 60 °C; ±0.6 °C

Relative humidity: 5 - 95 %; ± 3% or ± 5%

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

The meter starts measuring immediately after being switched on. The display is updated every second. After a change of the operating environment (e.g., from low to high temperature) the meter takes 2 minutes to display the correct CO2 and temperature values. After 10 minutes it will display the correct relative humidity value.
It requires continuous mains power supply during the measurement. If the device is switched off without downloading the data and switched on again, the recorded data will be lost. If disconnected from the mains, it has a battery life of about 10 hours, but only for the internal clock.
Data storage capacity: 5,333 per recorded value (°C, % RH, CO2).

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

The meter is factory calibrated to a CO2 concentration level of 400 ppm. It should be calibrated regularly, especially before first use. Calibration will take about 30 minutes.
There is the option of automatic calibration and manual calibration.

=== ''' Guide for installation ''' ===

https://www.onhaus.es/assets/files/manual-instrucciones-wohler-cdl-210-medidos-co2.pdf

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://www.woehler-international.com/spain/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

URADMonitor MODEL A3

2026-09-10T10:48:26Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

uRADMonitor A3 is an automated, fixed monitoring station that monitors a total of 8 important air quality parameters. It comes in a compact and robust aluminium housing with wall mounting bracket. The data is exported to the uRADMonitor network and can be accessed in real time through the application or directly through the local network.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

Temperature (MEM): -40 ° C to + 85 ° C; ± 1°C

Relative humidity (MEM): 0% RH to 100% RH; ± 3%

PM1.0 (Laser Dispersion): 0 μg·m-3 to 1000 μg·m-3; ± 15%

PM2.5 (Laser Dispersion): 0 μg·m-3 to 1000 μg·m-3; ± 15%

PM10 (Laser Dispersion): 0 μg·m-3 to 1000 μg·m-3; ± 15%

Formaldehyde (Electrochemical): 0 ppm to 5 ppm; ± 5%

Ozone (Electrochemical): 0 ppm to 10 ppm; ± %

Carbon dioxide (NDIR): 400 ppm to 5000 ppm; ± 5%

VOCs (MOX): 10 ppm to 1000 ppm; ± 15%

Noise level(Analogue sound sensor): 30dB to 130dB; ± 10%

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

It accepts any voltage in the 6V - 28V range and consumes less than 1 watt of power to operate.
It has an integrated loudspeaker that can provide audible notifications, configurable via the control panel.
This device has no screen, it functions as a monitor and the data can be viewed remotely on a computer or mobile device.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

It can be mounted both indoors and outdoors, but not in direct sunlight to avoid overheating.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://www.uradmonitor.com/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

PCE-VOC 1

2026-09-10T10:48:08Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

The meter is used for the measurement of total volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde (HCHO). The formaldehyde meter is characterised by its large display and simple operation.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

Formaldehyde (HCHO): 0-5.00 mg·m-3 / ppm; ±5 %

VOCs: 0-9.99 mg·m-3/ ppm; ±5 %

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

In addition to the value on the display, an alarm can be detected optically, as the display lights up red when a critical VOC or HCHO value is detected. The meter is equipped with a lithium polymer accumulator which guarantees several hours of operation.
The device needs a warm-up phase of 90 seconds to display stable measured values.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

Low maintenance. The device has only three keys, which makes it possible to work quickly.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://www.pce-instruments.com/espanol/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Extech CO1O

2026-09-10T10:47:55Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

Carbon dioxide (CO) meter. CO10 emits an alarm at 35 ppm and above which increases in speed at higher CO concentrations. Above 200 ppm, the alarm will sound continuously. Other features include a backlit display for use in low-light conditions, maximum hold, data hold and auto power off.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

Carbon monoxide (CO): 0-1000 ppm; ±5 % or ±10 ppm

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

This device is equipped with a 9 V battery.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

It uses a stabilised electrochemical sensor specific to gas (CO), with a useful life of 3 years.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

http://www.extech.com

[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Dioxcare

2026-09-10T10:47:46Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

It is a portable CO2 meter that detects carbon dioxide in the environment in real time with high accuracy through the high precision NDIR sensor (Cubic CM1106). It is portable with a rechargeable battery and easy to carry.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

CO2: 0 -10000 ppm; ±40 ppm ±3%

Temperature: 0 - 50 °C; ±1 °C

Relative humidity: 0 - 85 %; ± 2%

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

It incorporates an audible alarm to warn when CO2 levels exceed the limit preset by the user.
Limited data storage (999) and short autonomy with a maximum of 24 hours of continuous use.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

The Dioxcare meter is automatically calibrated, making it virtually maintenance free. The user can quickly and easily perform a manual calibration if desired at any time.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://dioxcare.com/es/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

CO2Panel PI

2026-09-10T10:47:33Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

CO2Panel PI is a CO2 meter designed specifically for monitoring in schools, bars and offices, due to its robustness, simplicity of use and low cost. It uses a high precision NDIR sensor (Winsen MH-Z19).
Indicates by means of a light whether the CO2 level is safe:

-Green: good air quality. CO2 concentration is low.

-Yellow: slight CO2 concentration.

-Red: high CO2 concentration.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

CO2: 0 -5000 ppm; ±50 ppm ±5%

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

-WIFI connection required to record and display data
-It must always be plugged in and cannot be moved from the site.
-No display to see the measurement, although it has tricolour LEDs.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

The equipment is delivered calibrated and ready for use. It can be calibrated manually or automatically.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

http://www.co2panel.com/index.htm
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Awair Omni

2026-09-10T10:47:21Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

Awair Omni sensors monitor seven key factors that influence the quality of indoor spaces: VOCs, PM, CO2, humidity, temperature, light and noise.
The levels of the first five factors are represented on the device as five sequential dots. A single dot represents healthy levels of air quality for the factor in question, while a column of two or more dots indicates that the factor is reaching unhealthy levels.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

PM2.5/PM10: 0 to 1000 μg·m-3 ; ±15 μg·m-3 or 15%

VOCs: 0 to 60ppm; ±10%

CO2: 400-5000ppm; ±75ppm or 10%

Temperature: -40 to 125°C; ±0.2°C

Relative humidity: 0 to 100%; ±2%

Ambient light: 0.96 to 64000 lx

Ambient noise sensor: -26 dBFS

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

You must have a Wi-Fi network and an Awair account to use the Awair mobile app features.
Light and noise levels are not displayed on the device, but are still controlled through the linked device.

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

Awair's technology uses superior pre-calibrated sensors that undergo batch testing and calibration during manufacturing. After sensor implementation, continuous automatic background calibration reduces the need for continuous maintenance and sensor replacement every two years.

=== ''' Guide for installation ''' ===

https://install-omni.getawair.com/networktype

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://uk.getawair.com/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Aranet 4

2026-09-10T10:47:02Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== ''' Short Description ''' ===

Is an innovative battery-powered wireless sensor. Aranet4 uses the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor (Sensair Sunrise) to measure CO2 concentration.

=== ''' Parameters (accuracy)''' ===

CO2: 0 - 10000 ppm; ±30 ppm ±3%

Temperature: 0 - 50 °C; ±0.3 °C

Relative humidity: 0 - 85 %; ± 3 %

=== ''' Requirements''' ===

The device is portable, easy to install, easy to operate and lets you know when monitored levels have become unhealthy by indicating the threshold level of CO2 with three different colours:

Green: represents normal CO2 level (below 1000 ppm)

Yellow: represents medium CO2 level (1000 to 1400 ppm)

Red: represents high CO2 level (above 1400 ppm)

=== ''' Maintenance/ Calibration ''' ===

It is not shock resistant and should not be left in direct sunlight.
Long autonomy as only two AA batteries are required (two years).
The Aranet4 device is factory calibrated. However, the user can perform CO2 calibration manually when necessary.

=== ''' Official Website ''' ===

https://www.aranet4.es/
[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Sensors

2026-09-10T10:45:39Z

Ular.palmiste:

__FORCETOC__

'''Indoor air quality sensors''' measure specific pollutants or environmental conditions, such as carbon dioxide, particulate matter, temperature, and humidity. A monitor may contain several sensors and display or record their readings.

These measurements help identify changes in indoor conditions and assess the effects of ventilation, air cleaning, and everyday activities. Each monitor measures only the parameters it is designed to detect, so no single reading provides a complete picture of indoor air quality.

== Sensor Types and Limitations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Common Sensing Method !! Uses and Limitations
|-
| '''Carbon dioxide (CO2)'''
| Infrared sensing, commonly non-dispersive infrared (NDIR).
| Helps assess ventilation in occupied spaces. Readings depend on occupancy, outdoor CO2, and air distribution. CO2 does not indicate all indoor pollutants.
|-
| '''Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)'''
| Optical sensors estimate particle concentrations from scattered light.
| Useful for tracking changes related to cooking, smoke, and outdoor particles. Results depend on particle properties and humidity; sensors do not identify particle composition.
|-
| '''Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)'''
| Many consumer monitors use metal oxide sensors to produce a VOC index or estimated total VOC (TVOC) value.
| Useful for detecting changes in gas mixtures. These readings generally do not identify individual chemicals or establish their health risk.
|-
| '''Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)'''
| Electrochemical sensors are commonly used.
| Monitor specific combustion-related gases. Sensitivity to other gases and environmental conditions can affect results.
|-
| '''Temperature and relative humidity'''
| Electronic temperature and humidity sensors.
| Describe thermal and moisture conditions. Readings can be affected by sunlight, nearby heat sources, and heat generated inside the monitor.
|}

'''Safety note:''' A general IAQ monitor does not replace a certified carbon monoxide alarm or smoke alarm.

For guidance on understanding concentrations and comparing results with guidelines, see [[Interpreting the Data]].

== Choosing a Sensor or Monitor ==
Choose equipment according to the purpose of monitoring. EDIAQI's monitoring guidelines cover technical and practical factors such as performance, maintenance, usability, and data access.<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />

* '''Parameters:''' Check that the device measures the pollutants or conditions you need. Distinguish directly measured concentrations from estimated values and indices.
* '''Performance:''' Look for stated accuracy, measurement range, response time, and independent testing under relevant conditions.
* '''Usability:''' Consider setup, display readability, power supply, and the needs of the people using the device.
* '''Maintenance:''' Check calibration requirements, sensor lifespan, cleaning instructions, and replacement options.
* '''Data access:''' Confirm that readings can be recorded and exported in a useful format. Check connection requirements and any subscription costs.

Low-cost monitors can support everyday monitoring and comparisons across rooms. More demanding investigations may require specialist instruments or laboratory analysis. Select equipment with performance appropriate to the intended use.

== Calibration and Maintenance ==
'''Calibration''' establishes the relationship between a sensor's readings and a reference. '''Validation''' checks whether the measurements are suitable for their intended use.

Follow the manufacturer's instructions for warm-up, cleaning, calibration, and servicing. Keep records of checks and adjustments, and investigate persistent differences between instruments.

Check the calibration requirements for the exact device and arrange recalibration through the provider when needed. EDIAQI's guidelines recommend clear maintenance instructions and information on how to obtain calibration support.<ref name="EDIAQI_D32" />

Placement and monitoring duration also affect results. See [[Measuring IAQ]] for practical guidance.

== Sensor Evaluation in EDIAQI ==
EDIAQI's ''Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit'' describes laboratory and real-world methods for evaluating sensor accuracy, precision, and sensitivity to changing conditions.<ref name="EDIAQI_D31" />

== Sensor Device Overview ==
The table summarizes devices described on the linked EDIAQI Wiki pages. Example uses are illustrative, rather than a performance ranking. Parameters and features may vary by model or version.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! Device !! What It Measures !! Example Use !! Display and Data Access !! Main Feature
|-
| '''[[Aranet 4]]'''
| CO2, temperature, relative humidity
| Monitoring CO2 in classrooms, offices, and homes
| Portable, battery-powered unit with visual CO2 indicators
| NDIR CO2 sensing in a portable device.
|-
| '''[[Awair Omni]]'''
| Particulate matter, VOCs, CO2, temperature, relative humidity, light, noise
| Monitoring several indoor conditions in one location
| On-device indicators; Wi-Fi and an account for app features
| Combines several measurements in one monitor.
|-
| '''[[CO2Panel PI]]'''
| CO2
| Fixed monitoring in classrooms and offices
| Three-color LED indicator; Wi-Fi for recording and displaying data; continuous power required
| Simple visual feedback on CO2 levels.
|-
| '''[[Dioxcare]]'''
| CO2, temperature, relative humidity
| Portable checks of indoor CO2 conditions
| Rechargeable battery, configurable audible alert, limited data storage
| Portable NDIR CO2 monitoring.
|-
| '''[[Extech CO1O|Extech CO10]]'''
| Carbon monoxide (CO)
| Spot measurements of CO
| Battery-powered handheld meter with a backlit display and audible alert
| Dedicated CO measurement; does not replace a certified household CO alarm.
|-
| '''[[Foobot]]'''
| Particulate matter, VOCs, temperature, relative humidity
| Following changes in indoor particles and gases
| LED indicator, Wi-Fi connection, and app access
| Combined particle and VOC monitoring.
|-
| '''[[PCE-VOC 1]]'''
| TVOC and formaldehyde (HCHO)
| Screening changes in VOC and formaldehyde readings
| Rechargeable handheld meter with a display and visual alert
| Displays TVOC and formaldehyde readings; does not identify all individual VOCs.
|-
| '''[[URADMonitor MODEL A3]]'''
| PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, VOCs, formaldehyde, ozone, temperature, relative humidity, noise
| Continuous monitoring of multiple parameters
| Powered fixed station with remote data access; no built-in display
| Combines particle, gas, and environmental measurements.
|-
| '''[[Wöhler CDL 210]]'''
| CO2, temperature, relative humidity
| Recording indoor CO2 and thermal conditions over time
| Display, audible alert, data logging, and download to a computer; mains power required for measurements
| Stores measurements for later review.
|}

== Related Pages ==
* '''[[Measuring IAQ]]:''' Measurement approaches, sensor placement, and monitoring duration.
* '''[[IAQ Data Management]]:''' Organizing, checking, storing, and sharing data, including privacy considerations.
* '''[[Interpreting the Data]]:''' Understanding readings and comparing results with guidelines.
* '''[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization]]:''' Presenting results through dashboards, reports, and alerts.
* '''[[SensorThings API]]:''' A standard for exchanging sensor observations between systems.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="EDIAQI_D31">{{#lst:Reading List|EDIAQI_D31}}</ref>
<ref name="EDIAQI_D32">{{#lst:Reading List|EDIAQI_D32}}</ref>
</references>

For the wiki's agreed literature sources, see [[Reading List]].

[[Category:Sensors and Monitoring Methods]]

Sensors

2026-09-10T10:45:04Z

Ular.palmiste:

Reading List

2026-09-10T10:39:43Z

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This page provides a comprehensive list of references cited throughout the EDIAQI Wiki.

(''This list is continuously updated.'')

== EDIAQI Project Deliverables ==
* <section begin=EDIAQI_D31 />{{Reference
|id=EDIAQI_D31
|citation=EDIAQI. [https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D3.1%20Indoor%20Air%20Pollution%20Observation%20Toolkit.pdf D3.1 Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit.]
}}<section end=EDIAQI_D31 />

* <section begin=EDIAQI_D32 />{{Reference
|id=EDIAQI_D32
|citation=EDIAQI. [https://ediaqi.eu/sites/default/files/materials/D3.2%20Guidelines%20for%20Pilot%20City%20Labs%20to%20Set-Up%20Indoor%20Pollutant%20Monitoring%20Stations.pdf D3.2 Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to Set-Up Indoor Pollutant Monitoring Stations.]
}}<section end=EDIAQI_D32 />

== WHO ==
* <section begin=WHO_1987 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_1987
|citation=World Health Organization. (1987). [https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364 Air quality guidelines for Europe.]
}}<section end=WHO_1987 />

* <section begin=WHO_2000 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2000
|citation=World Health Organization. (2000). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289013581 Air quality guidelines for Europe (2nd edition).]
}}<section end=WHO_2000 />

* <section begin=WHO_2005 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2005
|citation=World Health Organization. (2005). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SDE-PHE-OEH-06.02 Air quality guidelines global update 2005.]
}}<section end=WHO_2005 />

* <section begin=WHO_2009 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2009
|citation=World Health Organization. (2009). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289041683 WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould.]
}}<section end=WHO_2009 />

* <section begin=WHO_2010 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2010
|citation=World Health Organization. (2010). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289002134 WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants.]
}}<section end=WHO_2010 />

* <section begin=WHO_2014 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2014
|citation=World Health Organization. (2014). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548885 WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: Household fuel combustion.]
}}<section end=WHO_2014 />

* <section begin=WHO_2021 /> {{Reference
|id=WHO_2021
|citation=World Health Organization. (2021). [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228 WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.]
}}<section end=WHO_2021 />

* <section begin=WHO_2023 />{{Reference
|id=WHO_2023
|citation=World Health Organization. (2023, September 26). [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health Household air pollution and health (Fact sheet).]
}}<section end=WHO_2023 />

== European Union ==
* <section begin=EU_1989 />{{Reference
|id=EU_1989
|citation=Council of the European Union. (1989, November 30). [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1989/654/2019-07-26 Council Directive 89/654/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace (first individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).]
}}<section end=EU_1989 />

* <section begin=EU_2008 />{{Reference
|id=EU_2008
|citation=European Parliament & Council. (2008, May 21). [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32008L0050 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.] ''Official Journal of the European Union''
}}<section end=EU_2008 />

* <section begin=EU_2024 />{{Reference
|id=EU_2024
|citation=European Parliament & Council. (2024, October 23). [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2881/oj Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast).] ''Official Journal of the European Union''
}}<section end=EU_2024 />

* <section begin=EP_2021 />{{Reference
|id=EP_2021
|citation=European Parliament. (2021). [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0107_EN.html European Parliament resolution of 25 March 2021 on the implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Directives: Directive 2004/107/EC and Directive 2008/50/EC.]
}}<section end=EP_2021 />

* <section begin=EC_2018 />{{Reference
|id=EC_2018
|citation=European Commission. (2018). [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0330 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Europe that protects: Clean air for all.]
}}<section end=EC_2018 />

* <section begin=EC_2022_DGEnvironment />{{Reference
|id=EC_2022_DGEnvironment
|citation=European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment. (2022). [https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a05c2e91-54db-11ed-92ed-01aa75ed71a1/language-en Study to support the impact assessment for a revision of the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives: final report.] Publications Office of the European Union.
}}<section end=EC_2022_DGEnvironment />

* <section begin=EC_air />{{Reference
|id=EC_air
|citation=European Commission. [https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air_en EU clean air policy.]
}}<section end=EC_air />

* <section begin=EC_2024_DGEnvironment />{{Reference
|id=EC_2024_DGEnvironment
|citation=European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment. [https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality/eu-air-quality-standards_en EU air quality standards.]
}}<section end=EC_2024_DGEnvironment />

=== Zero Pollution Action Plan (ZPAP) ===
* <section begin=EC_2021 />{{Reference
|id=EC_2021
|citation=European Commission. (2021). [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0400&qid=1623311742827 EU Action Plan: 'Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil'.]
}}<section end=EC_2021 />

* <section begin=EC_ZPAP />{{Reference
|id=EC_ZPAP
|citation=European Commission. (2021) [https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/zero-pollution-action-plan_en Zero Pollution Action Plan.]
}}<section end=EC_ZPAP />

* <section begin=EC_2022_DGResearch />{{Reference
|id=EC_2022_DGResearch
|citation=European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. (2022). [https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/87880 Horizon projects supporting the zero pollution action plan.] Publications Office of the European Union.
}}<section end=EC_2022_DGResearch />

* <section begin=EC_2022_JRC />{{Reference
|id=EC_2022_JRC
|citation=European Commission, J.R.C. (2022). [https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC129655 Zero Pollution Outlook 2022.] Publications Office of the European Union.
}}<section end=EC_2022_JRC />

=== Outdoor air ===
* <section begin=EC_AAQD />{{Reference
|id=EC_AAQD
|citation=European Commission. (2022) [https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality/revision-ambient-air-quality-directives_en Revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directives.]
}}<section end=EC_AAQD />
=== European Environment Agency (EEA) ===
* <section begin=EEA_2019 />{{Reference
|id=EEA_2019
|citation=European Environment Agency. (2019). [https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/healthy-environment-healthy-lives Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well-being in Europe.] (Report)
}}<section end=EEA_2019 />

* <section begin=EEA_2020 />{{Reference
|id=EEA_2020
|citation=European Environment Agency. (2020). [https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2020-report Air quality in Europe — 2020 report.] (Report)
}}<section end=EEA_2020 />

* <section begin=EEA_2023 />{{Reference
|id=EEA_2023
|citation=European Environment Agency. (2023). [https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-pollution-and-childrens-health Air pollution and children's health.] (Briefing no. 07/2023)
}}<section end=EEA_2023 />

* <section begin=EEA_2025 />{{Reference
|id=EEA_2025
|citation=European Environment Agency. (2025). [https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/air-quality-status-report-2025 Air quality status report 2025.] (Web report)
}}<section end=EEA_2025 />

== Scientific papers ==
* <section begin=vandenBrekel_2024 />{{Reference
|id=vandenBrekel_2024
|citation=van den Brekel, L., Lenters, V., Mackenbach, J. D., Hoek, G., Wagtendonk, A., Lakerveld, J., ... & Vaartjes, I. (2024). [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00258-9 Ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in air pollution exposure: a cross-sectional analysis of nationwide individual-level data from the Netherlands.] ''The Lancet Planetary Health'', ''8''(1), e18-e29.
}}<section end=vandenBrekel_2024 />

* <section begin=Dimitroulopoulou_2023 />{{Reference
|id=Dimitroulopoulou_2023
|citation=Dimitroulopoulou, S., Dudzińska, M. R., Gunnarsen, L., Hägerhed, L., Maula, H., Singh, R., ... & Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U. (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108127 Indoor air quality guidelines from across the world: An appraisal considering energy saving, health, productivity, and comfort.] Environment International, 178, 108127.
}}<section end=Dimitroulopoulou_2023 />

* <section begin=Fuller_2022 />{{Reference
|id=Fuller_2022
|citation=Fuller, R., Landrigan, P. J., Balakrishnan, K., Bathan, G., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Brauer, M., ... & Yan, C. (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 Pollution and health: a progress update.] ''The Lancet Planetary Health'', ''6''(6), e535-e547.
}}<section end=Fuller_2022 />

* <section begin=Halios_2022 />{{Reference
|id=Halios_2022
|citation=Halios, C. H., Landeg-Cox, C., Lowther, S. D., Middleton, A., Marczylo, T., & Dimitroulopoulou, S. (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156201 Chemicals in European residences–Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).] ''Science of the Total Environment'', ''839'', 156201.
}}<section end=Halios_2022 />

* <section begin=Hossain_2024 />{{Reference
|id=Hossain_2024
|citation=Hossain, M. P., Zhou, W., Leung, M. Y., & Yuan, H. Y. (2024). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50474-w Association of air pollution and weather conditions during infection course with COVID-19 case fatality rate in the United Kingdom.] ''Scientific reports'', ''14''(1), 683.
}}<section end=Hossain_2024 />

* <section begin=Jacobson_2019 />{{Reference
|id=Jacobson_2019
|citation=Jacobson, T. A., Kler, J. S., Hernke, M. T., Braun, R. K., Meyer, K. C., & Funk, W. E. (2019). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0323-1 Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.] ''Nature Sustainability'', ''2''(8), 691–701.
}}<section end=Jacobson_2019 />

* <section begin=Laurent_2022 />{{Reference
|id=Laurent_2022
|citation=Laurent, É. (2022). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-022-00348-6 Air (ine) quality in the European Union.] ''Current Environmental Health Reports'', ''9''(2), 123-129.
}}<section end=Laurent_2022 />

* <section begin=Sadrizadeh_2022 />{{Reference
|id=Sadrizadeh_2022
|citation=Sadrizadeh, S., Yao, R., Yuan, F., Awbi, H., Bahnfleth, W., Bi, Y., ... & Li, B. (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104908 Indoor air quality and health in schools: A critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment.] ''Journal of Building Engineering'', ''57'', 104908.
}}<section end=Sadrizadeh_2022 />

* <section begin=Settimo_2020 />{{Reference
|id=Settimo_2020
|citation=Settimo, G., Manigrasso, M., & Avino, P. (2020). [https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040370 Indoor air quality: A focus on the European legislation and state-of-the-art research in Italy.] ''Atmosphere'', ''11''(4), 370.
}}<section end=Settimo_2020 />

== Books ==
* <section begin=Hippocrates />{{Reference
|id=Hippocrates
|citation=Hippocrates. (1923). Airs, waters, places. In Hippocrates (Vol. 1, pp. 65–137). (W. H. S. Jones, Trans.). William Heinemann; Harvard University Press. (Original work published ca. 400 B.C.E.)
}}<section end=Hippocrates />

* <section begin=Zhang_2022 />{{Reference
|id=Zhang_2022
|citation=Zhang, Y., Hopke, P. K., & Mandin, C. (Eds.). (2022). [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-981-16-7680-2 ''Handbook of indoor air quality''.] Springer Nature.
}}<section end=Zhang_2022 />

== Other ==
* <section begin=Popova_2023 />{{Reference
|id=Popova_2023
|citation=Popova, D. (2023, October 24). [https://www.cleanairfund.org/news-item/pollution-in-sofias-roma-neighborhood/ Air equity: Unravelling the pollution puzzle in Sofia’s largest Roma neighborhood.] Clean Air Fund.
}}<section end=Popova_2023 />

Filtration Pilot

2026-09-10T10:34:12Z

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[[File:Pilot-filtration.jpeg|frame]]
Indoor air filtration is an important means to improve IAQ in public buildings. The buildings in scope of this pilot are existing users of ASC installed hardware, such as ventilation and air conditioning systems. The aim of the pilot is to determine which indoor air pollutants are most effectively removed by the filtration system, providing cornerstones for further filtration system technological innovation. The pilot study will also identify the science-based pathways for IAQ improvement. The results of the pilot will conclude into recommendation of the most efficient filters; most optimal filtration system maintenance schedule; filter replacement period, etc. Furthermore, the pilot P4 is aiming at collecting data about people habits and comfort requirements in office spaces. Low-cost sensors installed by partner ASC and provided by LAS, WINGS and THIN will be utilized to provide the needed ambient pollution data.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Zagreb Pilot

2026-09-10T10:34:00Z

Ular.palmiste:

[[File:Pilot-zagreb.jpeg|frame]]
Pilot P3 will be set in Zagreb based on the SCH2021 cohort (section 1.2.1.4 consisting of 200 patients). All patients will be consistently monitored using analog spirometers during medical visits to Srebjnak's Children's Hospital. The households will be asked to fill out the ISAAC and other relevant questionnaires. The children’s bedrooms will be equipped with stationary pollutant traps and low-cost sensorics that will remain in place for a defined time period for collecting house dust, which will be analysed for chemical and microbiome composition (IMROH, TUG, ANT). WINGS will provide sensorics for monitoring air quality during 3-day campaigns. The participants will be followed-up at the SCH Clinic on a regular basis (approx. every 3-6 months) as a part of their asthma management regime. Peripheral blood and other biological samples will be collected and analysed for certain clinical biomarkers (inflammation, differential gene/small NC-RNA expression profiles), as well as blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and/or buccal cells, using, among others, the comet assay and micronucleus assay for the detection of genomic instability in relation to measured indoor air pollutants (in WP4). The pilots’ indoor-outdoor pollutants will be measured means of low-cost and the-state-of-the-art instrumentation.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Estonian Pilot

2026-09-10T10:33:48Z

Ular.palmiste:

[[File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|frame]]
The Estonian pilot targets multiple building scenarios, operated by local municipalities such as administrative and social care buildings, schools, kindergartens, and universities. The pilot addresses limited understanding of indoor climate parameters by installing new sensors for monitoring IAQ in buildings. The key aim is to integrate a critical number of municipal buildings, applying AI and Big Data Analytics for data analysis. The pilot will support a systemic change in the awareness of people, which may also support changes in behaviour. This will be achieved by instrumentation – sensors in buildings and by collecting and analysing the experience and perception of people using the buildings.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Ferrara Pilot

2026-09-10T10:33:37Z

Ular.palmiste:

[[File:Pilot ferrera.jpg|frame]]
The Ferrara Pilot focuses on 4 building scenarios: schools, offices, entertainment, and residential. Each scenario involves different types of occupants, activities/behaviours and buildings’ properties. The pilot is driven by the proactive role of the local community: behavioural change campaigns will be activated for collecting “warm data” (experiences and perceptions) together with the installation of low-cost multi-sensors indoor devices (Sentinels) and remote reference stations to obtain comprehensive information about indoor air pollutant concentrations.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Awareness campaigns

2026-09-10T10:33:14Z

Ular.palmiste:

Raising awareness about outdoor and indoor air pollution.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Vilnius campaign

2026-09-10T10:33:02Z

Ular.palmiste:

Impact of vehicles on indoor air quality and school children exposure.
[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Seville campaign

2026-09-10T10:32:51Z

Ular.palmiste:

Physical-chemical characterisation of indoor air pollutants, behavioural differences and ventilations habits.
[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Evaluation of low-cost sensors

2026-09-10T10:32:31Z

Ular.palmiste:

Performance evaluation of consumer grade sensors.

[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots and Campaigns]]

Seville campaign

2026-09-10T10:31:57Z

Ular.palmiste:

Physical-chemical characterisation of indoor air pollutants, behavioural differences and ventilations habits.
[[Category:EDIAQI Pilots & Campaigns]]

Project Deliverables

2026-09-10T10:29:46Z

Ular.palmiste:

<div style="max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; font-family: 'Segoe UI', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, sans-serif; color: #2C3E50; line-height: 1.6;">


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Horizon Europe • Grant Agreement 101057497
</div>
<h1 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #ffffff; border: none; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 700;">Project Deliverables & One-Pagers</h1>
<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 14.5px; opacity: 0.95; max-width: 820px; line-height: 1.5;">
A centralized repository for official EDIAQI project outputs. Every public deliverable provides both the technical foundation and a plain-language "one-pager" summary tailored for property owners, school leaders, and municipal authorities.
</p>
</div>


<div style="margin-bottom: 35px;">
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<span style="background: #00A896; color: white; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13px;">WP3</span>
<h2 style="margin: 0; border: none; font-size: 19px; color: #028090; font-weight: 600;">Science: Identification & Characterization of IAP</h2>
</div>

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(320px, 1fr)); gap: 20px;">


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<div>
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D3.1</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: TROPOS</span>
</div>
<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
A comprehensive collection of scientific tools, protocols, and instrumentation setups deployed across EDIAQI observatory platforms.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<div style="background: #EDF7F5; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px 14px;">
<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[D3.1 One-pager: Indoor Air Pollution Observation Toolkit|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
</div>
</div>
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<div style="background: #ffffff; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px; box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 168, 150, 0.06); display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between;">
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D3.2</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: TROPOS</span>
</div>
<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to Set-Up Monitoring Stations</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Standard operating procedures for deploying participatory urban monitoring stations and engaging local municipal actors.
</p>
</div>
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<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[D3.2 One-pager: Guidelines for Pilot City Labs to Set-Up Indoor Pollutant Monitoring Stations|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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<span style="background: #00A896; color: white; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13px;">WP4</span>
<h2 style="margin: 0; border: none; font-size: 19px; color: #028090; font-weight: 600;">Monitor: Pilots, Big Data, Digital Twins & IoT</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D4.2</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: TalTech</span>
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<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">A Compendium of Pilot Reports and Findings</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Comprehensive aggregation of real-world results, building audits, and sensor benchmarks across Pilots P1 to P4 and test campaigns.
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<div style="background: #EDF7F5; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px 14px;">
<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[Compendium of Pilot Reports and Findings|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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<div style="background: #ffffff; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px; box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 168, 150, 0.06); display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between;">
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D4.3</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: DEDA</span>
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<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Framework and Standards for Data Interoperability</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Adoption of OGC SensorThings API, FROST server architecture, and semantic models for FAIR environmental sensor data exchange.
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<div style="background: #EDF7F5; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px 14px;">
<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[D4.3 One-pager: Framework and Standards for Data Interoperability|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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<div style="background: #ffffff; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px; box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 168, 150, 0.06); display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between;">
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D4.6</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: THIN</span>
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<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Privacy and IoT Security Report</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Edge PKI authentication, end-to-end encryption protocols, and metadata obfuscation preventing occupant re-identification.
</p>
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<div style="background: #EDF7F5; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px 14px;">
<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[D4.6 One-pager: Privacy and IoT Security Report - Version 1|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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<span style="background: #00A896; color: white; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13px;">WP6 & WP7</span>
<h2 style="margin: 0; border: none; font-size: 19px; color: #028090; font-weight: 600;">Guidelines, Policy Roadmap & Communication</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D6.1</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: TalTech</span>
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<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Knowledge Base / WIKI</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Architecture, decision tree logic, and deployment framework for the open-access IAQ knowledge repository and simulation tool.
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<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[Knowledge base/wiki|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 14px;">
<span style="background: #00A896; color: #ffffff; font-weight: 700; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 6px; font-size: 12px;">Deliverable D7.3</span>
<span style="color: #4A6B66; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;">Lead: LC</span>
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<h3 style="margin: 0 0 10px 0; border: none; font-size: 16px; color: #0E6251; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4;">Dissemination & Communication Report</h3>
<p style="font-size: 13.5px; color: #35534E; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 20px;">
First annual summary of consortium dissemination actions, conference outreach, website KPIs, and social media campaigns.
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<div style="background: #EDF7F5; border: 1.5px solid #00A896; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px 14px;">
<span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13.5px;">[[D7.3 One-pager: Dissemination, Communication and Networking Report – Version 1|<span style="color: #00A896 !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Read One-Pager →</span>]]</span>
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[[Category:Decision Support and Tools]]
[[Category:Project Deliverables and One-Pagers]]

EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool

2026-09-10T10:29:20Z

Ular.palmiste:

The EDIAQI IAQ Simulator is a free, user-friendly tool designed to help you assess the indoor air quality (IAQ) in your home or building. It uses machine learning models trained on real-world data to predict indoor levels of PM2.5 and NO2, two common pollutants that can impact health.

=== How it Works ===
# Input Your Information: You provide basic information about your building, such as its location, construction year, floor level, and total area. You also answer questions about potential sources of indoor pollution, like the presence of gas stoves, fireplaces, carpets, and smoking habits.
# Machine Learning Prediction: The tool uses this information, along with data on outdoor pollution sources and other factors, to predict the levels of PM2.5 and NO2 in your indoor environment.
# Get Your Results: The tool provides you with an estimate of your indoor air quality, helping you understand potential risks and take steps to improve your IAQ.

=== Benefits ===
* Personalized Predictions: The tool provides tailored predictions based on your specific location and building characteristics.
* Practical Guidance: You can use the tool to see how different factors affect indoor air pollution and make informed decisions about how to improve your IAQ.
* Free and Easy to Use: The tool is accessible online and requires no downloads or special software.

=== Limitations and Future Developments ===
The current version of the tool has some limitations, such as relying on average pollution data rather than real-time measurements. However, the tool will be continuously improved as more data becomes available from the EDIAQI project. Future developments may include graphical interpretations of pollution levels and integration with outdoor air quality monitoring data.

=== How to Access ===
You can access the EDIAQI IAQ Simulator online at https://iaq-simulator.know-center.at/
[[Category:Decision Support and Tools]]
[[Category:Project Deliverables and One-Pagers]]