Indoor Air Quality Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

Template:MainPage

2026-02-19T13:24:33Z

Ular.palmiste:

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>

</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|Materials]]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Template:MainPage

2026-02-19T13:22:33Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project Indoor Air Quality Wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|Materials]]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T12:08:00Z

Ular.palmiste:

This section provides educators and students with evidence-based materials—including comprehensive workbooks and interactive media—to help identify indoor air pollutants and implement practical strategies for cleaner air in schools and homes.

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This comprehensive Teacher’s Guide provides the pedagogical framework for integrating Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) into school curricula for students aged 5 to 18. It serves as a roadmap for the student workbooks, offering:
* Instructional Support: Step-by-step guidance for conducting classroom experiments and interactive exercises.
* Scientific Background: Deep dives into the health impacts and environmental links of key pollutants, including Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Volatile Organic Compounds.
* Certification: Includes an official EDIAQI Diploma to be granted to students upon completion of their IAQ learning modules.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
Designed for primary school students, this workbook uses active learning to internalize complex environmental concepts. Key features include:
* Guided Observation: Tasks to help children identify pollution sources in their immediate daily environments.
* Hands-on Experiments: Simple activities such as "particle detection" to make invisible pollutants visible.
* Creative Synthesis: Exercises in poster-making and word searches to reinforce knowledge about healthy indoor habits

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
Tailored for secondary students, this workbook transitions from awareness to technical mitigation and engineering solutions. Highlights include:
* Technical DIY Projects: Detailed instructions for building a Corsi-Rosenthal Box (Comparetto Cube)—a low-cost, high-efficiency air purifier made from MERV-13 filters and a box fan.
* Multi-Pollutant Analysis: Advanced explanations of how indoor activities (printers, cleaning products, tobacco) contribute to multipollutant body burdens.
* Critical Thinking: Activities that challenge students to analyze the relationship between ventilation rates and inhabitant health.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:animation_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This short introductory video is designed to help teachers present the basic concepts of indoor air quality to students in a simple and engaging way.

The video explains what air is, how it can become polluted, the main indoor air pollutants (such as CO₂, ozone, particulate matter and VOCs), and why clean air is essential for human health and well-being. It also highlights everyday actions that can help improve air quality in classrooms, homes, and other indoor spaces.

Teachers can use this video at the beginning of a lesson to introduce the topic, encourage discussion, and prepare students for the workbook activities. It serves as an accessible and motivating resource to raise awareness about air quality and promote healthy habits from an early age.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:30:20Z

Ular.palmiste:

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
This educational workbook is designed for students aged 5 to 12 years old to explore and understand indoor air quality and its impact on health and the environment.

The workbook includes explanations about key indoor pollutants—such as carbon dioxide, particulate matter, ozone, and volatile organic compounds—along with their sources, effects on human health, and practical strategies to improve air quality. It also incorporates hands-on activities like experiments, observation tasks, word searches, and poster-making to help students internalize knowledge through active learning.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
This educational workbook is designed for students aged 12 to 18 years old to explore and understand indoor air quality and its impact on health and the environment. It provides an engaging way to introduce children to complex environmental issues through games, experiments, and creative activities.

The workbook includes explanations about key indoor pollutants—such as carbon dioxide, particulate matter, ozone, and volatile organic compounds—along with their sources, effects on human health, and practical strategies to improve air quality. It also incorporates hands-on activities like experiments, observation tasks, word searches, and poster-making to help students internalize knowledge through active learning.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:animation_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This short introductory video is designed to help teachers present the basic concepts of indoor air quality to students in a simple and engaging way.

The video explains what air is, how it can become polluted, the main indoor air pollutants (such as CO₂, ozone, particulate matter and VOCs), and why clean air is essential for human health and well-being. It also highlights everyday actions that can help improve air quality in classrooms, homes, and other indoor spaces.

Teachers can use this video at the beginning of a lesson to introduce the topic, encourage discussion, and prepare students for the workbook activities. It serves as an accessible and motivating resource to raise awareness about air quality and promote healthy habits from an early age.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

File:Workbook 250x250.jpg

2026-02-17T11:25:57Z

Ular.palmiste:

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:25:44Z

Ular.palmiste:

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:workbook_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:animation_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

File:Animation 250x250.jpg

2026-02-17T11:20:30Z

Ular.palmiste:

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:20:18Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Animated video */

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:animation_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:15:56Z

Ular.palmiste:

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:12:33Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS ===
· Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206

· Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425

· Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''Workbook 5-12'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18558206]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''Workbook 12-18'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18557425]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''Animated video'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18415924]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18415924 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T11:03:18Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Teacher's Guide and Diploma */

=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS ===
· Teacher's Guide and diploma:

· Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206

· Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425

· Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This '''Teacher’s Guide''' has been developed to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

File:Results 250x250.jpeg

2026-02-17T11:01:46Z

Ular.palmiste:

Template:MainPage

2026-02-17T11:01:33Z

Ular.palmiste: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials|Materials]]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Results

2026-02-17T10:55:34Z

Ular.palmiste: Ular.palmiste moved page Results to Project Deliverables

#REDIRECT [[Project Deliverables]]

Project Deliverables

2026-02-17T10:55:34Z

Ular.palmiste: Ular.palmiste moved page Results to Project Deliverables

This page serves as a centralized repository for the official outputs of the EDIAQI Project. Each entry includes a link to the full public deliverable and a "one-pager" summary designed for easy reading by homeowners, school heads, and local authorities.

=== Featured summaries ===

=== Public Deliverables ===

Template:MainPage

2026-02-17T10:48:16Z

Ular.palmiste: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Training materials|[[Training materials]]
File:results_250x250.jpeg|link=Results|[[Project Deliverables|'''Results''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Project Deliverables

2026-02-17T10:45:27Z

Ular.palmiste:

Project Deliverables

2026-02-17T10:37:31Z

Ular.palmiste:

File:Training 250x250.jpeg

2026-02-17T10:33:46Z

Ular.palmiste: Ular.palmiste uploaded a new version of File:Training 250x250.jpeg

File:Training 250x250.jpeg

2026-02-17T10:20:48Z

Ular.palmiste:

Template:MainPage

2026-02-17T10:20:36Z

Ular.palmiste: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:training_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Training materials]]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Results]]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

File:Training teacher-guide 250x250.jpg

2026-02-17T10:01:23Z

Ular.palmiste:

Training materials

2026-02-17T10:00:49Z

Ular.palmiste: /* https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 Teacher's Guide and Diploma] */

=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS ===
· Teacher's Guide and diploma:

· Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206

· Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425

· Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924

== [https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma'''] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''

}}
This Teacher’s Guide has been developed within the framework of the EDIAQI Project to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T09:59:36Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS ===
· Teacher's Guide and diploma:

· Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206

· Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425

· Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924

== [[https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 '''Teacher's Guide and Diploma''']]] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide_250x250.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 Teacher's Guide to learn about the indoor air quality]'''

}}
This Teacher’s Guide has been developed within the framework of the EDIAQI Project to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T09:58:29Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Teacher's Guide and Diploma */

Training materials

2026-02-17T09:47:34Z

Ular.palmiste:

=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS ===
· Teacher's Guide and diploma: https://zenodo.org/records/18556574

· Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206

· Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425

· Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924

== [[Ferrara Pilot|'''Teacher's Guide and Diploma''']] ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:training_teacher-guide.jpg|200px|link=https://zenodo.org/records/18556574]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 Teacher's Guide to learn about the indoor air quality]'''

}}
This Teacher’s Guide has been developed within the framework of the EDIAQI Project (Evidence Driven Indoor Air Quality Improvement) to support the educational workbook designed for children aged 5 to 12 years old. Its main goal is to help educators integrate the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) into classroom activities in an accessible, structured, and engaging way.

The guide provides scientifically grounded explanations, key background information on indoor air pollutants (such as carbon dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds), and their sources, effects on health, and links to environmental sustainability and public health. It also includes step-by-step instructions for conducting classroom activities, experiments, and interactive exercises featured in the student workbook.

This material is designed to empower teachers to raise awareness and foster environmental responsibility from an early age, encouraging students to understand how everyday actions impact the air they breathe. The guide can be used in formal and non-formal education, including primary schools, environmental education programs, and outreach activities.

By combining scientific content with hands-on learning, the Teacher’s Guide contributes to:

* Building environmental and health literacy among children.
* Supporting teachers in delivering impactful, evidence-based lessons.
* Encouraging active student participation and citizen awareness.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

Training materials

2026-02-17T09:06:52Z

Ular.palmiste: Created page with "=== EDIAQI TRAINING MATERIALS === · Teacher's Guide and diploma: https://zenodo.org/records/18556574 · Workbook 5-12: https://zenodo.org/records/18558206 · Workbook 12-18: https://zenodo.org/records/18557425 · Animated video: https://zenodo.org/records/18415924"

Project Deliverables

2026-02-17T09:04:58Z

Ular.palmiste: Created page with "EDIAQI project deliverables."

EDIAQI project deliverables.

Template:MainPage

2026-02-17T09:04:05Z

Ular.palmiste: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Training materials]]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Results]]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Template:MainPage

2026-02-16T11:08:26Z

Ular.palmiste: /* About the project */

<templatestyles src="MainPage/style.css" />
__NOTITLE__
__NOTOC__
<div class='logo-banner'>
[[File:Ediaqi-logo-light.svg|link=https://ediaqi.eu]]
<h3 class='moto'>
Evidence driven indoor air quality improvement
</h3>
{{Search}}
</div>

<div style="width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0.2em; margin: 0.5em 0;font-size: 90%; margin-bottom: 4em">
==Welcome to EDIAQI project wiki==
<p>EDIAQI is a European-funded research and innovation action under the Horizon Europe framework programme. The EDIAQI project will study indoor air pollution in European cities, using short-term, high-intensity measurements and long-term, large-scale monitoring. The project will aim to understand the sources, routes of exposure, and health effects of indoor air pollution.</p><p>Homepage https://ediaqi.eu/</p>

</div>
<div class='tabs'>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[What is IAQ?]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Iaq-pollutants 250x250.jpg|link=Main indoor air pollutants|[[Main indoor air pollutants|'''Air pollutants''']]
File:Iaq pollution-sources 250x250.jpg|link=Sources of indoor air pollutants|[[Sources of indoor air pollutants|'''Pollution sources''']]
File:Iaq-health 250x250.jpg|link=IAQ relationship to human health|[[IAQ relationship to human health|'''Health and IAQ''']]
File:Economy_250x250.jpg|link=Economics of indoor air quality|[[Economics of indoor air quality|'''Economics''']]
</gallery></div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Understanding and measuring IAQ</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Data Management]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" class="gallery-caption" style="font-size: larger;">
File:measure-IAQ_250x250.jpg|link=Measuring IAQ|thumb|[[Measuring IAQ|'''Measuring IAQ''']]
File:sensor_250x250.jpg|link=Sensors|thumb|[[Sensors|'''Sensors''']]
File:data_250x250.jpg|link=Interpreting the Data|thumb|[[Interpreting the Data|'''Data Analysis''']]
File:dataManagement_250x250.jpg|link=IAQ Data Management|thumb|[[IAQ Data Reporting and Visualization|'''Presentation''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Improving IAQ in Your Space</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[IAQ Control: A Framework for Action|Framework for action]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:IAQ control source control.jpg|link=Controlling the pollution sources|[[Controlling the pollution sources|'''Source control''']]
File:Iaq control local capture.jpg|link=Local capture of pollutants|[[Local capture of pollutants|'''Local capture''']]
File:Iaq-control-ventilation.jpg|link=Ventilation|[[Ventilation]]
File:Iaq-control-filtration2.jpg|link=Filtration and air cleaning|[[Filtration and air cleaning|'''Air cleaning''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">IAQ Policy Landscape</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[Why IAQ Policies Matter]]</div> ===
<gallery perrow=2 mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Policy eu 250x250.jpg|link=EU regulations and guidelines|[[EU regulations and guidelines|'''EU''']]
File:Policy who 250x250.jpg|link=World Health Organization Guidelines|[[World Health Organization Guidelines|'''WHO''']]
File:Flags 250x250.jpg|link=National IAQ Guidelines|[[National IAQ Guidelines|'''National''']]
File:Policy industry_250x250.jpg|link=Professional and Scientific Recommendations|[[Professional and Scientific Recommendations|'''Industry''']]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">EDIAQI Project</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[About the project]]</div> ===

<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed-overlay" heights="110" gallery="" style="font-size: larger;">
File:Pilot-estonia.jpg|link=Pilots|[[Pilot studies|'''Pilots''']]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Campaigns]]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Test1]]
File:campaigns_250x250.jpeg|link=Campaigns|[[Test2]]
</gallery></div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 1em;">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Guidelines and Tools</h1>

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[The EDIAQI Decision Tree]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI IAQ Simulation Tool]]</div> ===

=== <div style="text-align: center;">[[EDIAQI Policy Recommendations]]</div> ===

</div>
</div>

</div>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T08:12:46Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Fungi and Mold */

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air. Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

'''Airborne Spores'''

These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.

* '''Hyphal fragments:''' These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.

* '''Mycotoxins:''' Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").

* '''Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs):''' Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne bacterial cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne viral particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common indoor viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest allergens:'''
** '''Dust mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed skin cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:39:34Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Microorganisms */

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air.

'''Airborne Spores'''

These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.

'''Hyphal Fragments'''

These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.

'''Mycotoxins'''

Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").

'''Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs)'''

Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne Bacterial Cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne Viral Particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common Indoor Viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and Transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet Dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest Allergens:'''
** '''Dust Mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Cockroaches & Other Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed Skin Cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from Occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:36:35Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Microorganisms */

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air.

===== Airborne Spores: =====
* These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.

===== Hyphal Fragments: =====
* These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.

===== Mycotoxins: =====
* Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").

===== Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs): =====
* Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne Bacterial Cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne Viral Particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common Indoor Viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and Transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet Dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest Allergens:'''
** '''Dust Mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Cockroaches & Other Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed Skin Cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from Occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:36:02Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Biological Agents */

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air.

===== '''Airborne Spores:''' =====
* These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.

===== '''Hyphal Fragments:''' =====
* These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.

===== '''Mycotoxins:''' =====
* Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").

===== '''Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs):''' =====
* Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne Bacterial Cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne Viral Particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common Indoor Viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and Transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet Dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest Allergens:'''
** '''Dust Mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Cockroaches & Other Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed Skin Cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from Occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:34:02Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Biological agents */

== Gases ==

=== Inorganic gases ===
Inorganic gaseous air pollutants are a significant group of air contaminants that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds, distinguishing them from organic pollutants.

These gases, including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO), originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions.

=== Organic gases ===
Organic gaseous compounds can be categorized based on their boiling points, which directly relate to their volatility - their tendency to evaporate at room temperature. This causes their different behaviour in indoor air. Also, the health effects can vary depending on the specific compound and its volatility.

==== Very volatile organic compounds ====
Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are gases at room temperature and very easily evaporate.

Examples:

* Formaldehyde (although some sources classify it as a VOC)
* Methane
* Butane
* Propane
* Freons (e.g., chlorodifluoromethane)

==== Volatile organic compounds ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature and are the most commonly referred to group when discussing VOCs in indoor air. VOCs are also mainly gases but they may condense on colder surfaces.

They are found in many common household products and building materials, and they can have a significant impact on indoor air quality (IAQ).

Examples:

* Benzene
* Toluene
* Xylene
* Acetone
* Ethanol
* Isopropanol
* Many components of fragrances and cleaning products

==== Semi-volatile organic compounds ====
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have lower volatility than VOCs and tend to exist both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto surfaces or particles (like dust).

Examples:

* Phthalates (plasticizers)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - mostly phased out but can be found in older buildings
* Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
* Some pesticides
* Flame retardants (PBDEs)

=== Radon ===
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil throughout the world.

Radon gas can seep into homes and buildings through cracks and openings in the foundation, floors, and walls. It can also be released from building materials that contain radium.

== Indoor air particles ==
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin, and their effects on human health depend on these characteristics.

PM is classified by its aerodynamic diameter, which is the size of a unit-density sphere with the same aerodynamic properties as the particle.

==== Coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) ====
Coarse particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.

==== Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) ====
Fine particles are inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Due to their small size, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

==== Ultrafine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub> ) ====
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are a subset of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their extremely small size, UFP can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream, raising concerns about their health effects.

== Biological Agents ==

Indoor air biological contaminants, also known as bioaerosols, are a diverse group of airborne materials that originate from living or once-living organisms. These microscopic particles and microorganisms are commonly present in virtually all indoor environments and can significantly influence indoor air quality (IAQ) and occupant health. The presence and concentration of these agents are influenced by various factors including building design, maintenance, occupant activities, and ambient environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.

This category encompasses a wide array of entities, including microorganisms like fungi (molds), bacteria, and viruses, as well as allergens derived from plants, animals, and humans. Their byproducts, such as toxins and volatile organic compounds, can also contribute to adverse health effects. Exposure to biological contaminants can lead to a range of health issues, broadly categorized as infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and toxic effects.

=== Microorganisms ===

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in indoor environments, colonizing damp surfaces, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, and even residing on occupants themselves.

==== Fungi and Mold ====

Fungi, commonly referred to as mold when growing indoors, are eukaryotic organisms that thrive in damp or humid environments where organic material is available for them to decompose. They are a significant concern for indoor air quality due to their ability to release various particles and compounds into the air.

* '''Airborne Spores:''' These are microscopic reproductive units released in vast quantities by mature molds. Spores are designed for dispersal and can remain airborne for extended periods, readily inhaled by occupants. They can trigger allergic reactions and asthma, and in some cases, cause infections in susceptible individuals.
* '''Hyphal Fragments:''' These are broken pieces of the vegetative mold structure (mycelium). Like spores, they can become airborne and contribute to allergic responses and respiratory irritation.
* '''Mycotoxins:''' Certain mold species, under specific growth conditions, produce toxic chemical compounds known as mycotoxins. These can be present on spores or hyphal fragments, or within the materials molds have colonized. Exposure to mycotoxins can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially leading to a variety of severe health effects, including carcinogenic (cancer-causing), immunotoxic (damaging to the immune system), cytotoxic (toxic to cells), and mutagenic (causing genetic mutations) effects. Examples of mycotoxin-producing molds include certain species of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', and ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (often called "black mold").
* '''Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs):''' Actively growing molds release gases known as Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (MVOCs). These compounds are responsible for the characteristic musty or earthy odors often associated with mold growth. While the direct health effects of many MVOCs at typical indoor concentrations are still being researched, they can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Their presence is a strong indicator of active mold proliferation.

Common indoor locations for mold growth include areas with water damage (e.g., leaky roofs, burst pipes), poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens, damp basements and crawl spaces, and within HVAC systems where condensation can accumulate.

==== Bacteria ====

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that, similar to mold, can proliferate in damp indoor conditions and contribute to health problems. They are found on virtually all indoor surfaces and are shed by occupants.

* '''Airborne Bacterial Cells:''' Whole bacterial cells can become aerosolized from various sources, including contaminated water systems (e.g., humidifiers, cooling towers – a source for ''Legionella pneumophila'', the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease), soil tracked indoors, pets, and human activities like coughing and sneezing. Inhalation can lead to respiratory infections and exacerbate allergic conditions.
* '''Endotoxins:''' These are lipopolysaccharides, toxic components found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''). Endotoxins are potent inflammatory agents and are released when bacterial cells die and break apart. Inhalation can cause fever, malaise, respiratory distress, and exacerbate asthma. They are common in environments with high bacterial loads, such as buildings with water damage or agricultural settings.
* '''Exotoxins:''' Some bacteria, including certain Gram-positive species like ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (which can be found on skin and in nasal passages), can produce exotoxins, which are proteins secreted by living bacteria that can also have detrimental health effects if aerosolized, though this is less commonly the primary concern in typical IAQ assessments compared to endotoxins.

Bacteria can be found in biofilms within plumbing, on damp building materials, in HVAC condensate pans, and are constantly introduced by human occupants.

==== Viruses ====

Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that require a living host cell to replicate. They are a major cause of communicable diseases and can be readily transmitted through indoor air, particularly in densely occupied or poorly ventilated spaces.

* '''Airborne Viral Particles:''' Viruses can become airborne through several mechanisms. They are often encapsulated within respiratory droplets (larger particles >5-10 µm) generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking, which tend to settle relatively quickly. They can also be present in smaller aerosolized particles (<5 µm) that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. Furthermore, viral particles can attach to dust particles, which then act as carriers.
* '''Common Indoor Viruses:''' Examples include rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza viruses (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and various coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
* '''Survival and Transmission:''' The viability of airborne viruses is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (intermediate humidity levels of 40-60% are often less favorable for many viruses compared to very dry or very humid conditions), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight or UVGI systems can inactivate viruses).

Effective ventilation and air filtration are key strategies in reducing the airborne concentration of viruses indoors.

=== Allergens and Other Biological Materials ===

Beyond live microorganisms, various biological materials can trigger allergic reactions or other health issues when present in indoor air.

==== Pollen and Plant Material ====

While primarily an outdoor allergen source, pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can easily infiltrate indoor environments through open windows, doors, and ventilation systems. Some indoor plants can also produce pollen or release spores (e.g., ferns) or other plant fragments that may act as allergens or irritants for sensitive individuals. These substances contain proteins that can trigger the immune system in sensitized individuals, leading to allergic rhinitis (hay fever), conjunctivitis, and asthma exacerbations.

==== Animal-Derived Allergens ====

Proteins from animals are significant sources of indoor allergens.

* '''Pet Dander:''' This is a primary source of allergens from common household pets such as cats, dogs, rodents (hamsters, guinea pigs), and birds. Dander consists of tiny skin flakes (epidermal scales) that are constantly shed. Allergens are also found in pet saliva (which adheres to fur during grooming and then dries and flakes off), urine (especially from rodents), and sebaceous gland secretions. These allergens are very small and light, remaining airborne for long periods and settling on surfaces throughout the home.
* '''Pest Allergens:'''
** '''Dust Mites:''' These microscopic arachnids thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on shed human skin cells found in dust. The primary allergens are potent digestive enzymes present in their fecal pellets and also in their decaying body fragments. Dust mites are abundant in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains.
** '''Cockroaches & Other Insects:''' Allergens are derived from their droppings (feces), saliva, shed exoskeletons (skins), and decomposing body parts. Cockroach allergens are particularly problematic in multi-unit dwellings and can be a significant asthma trigger, especially in children.
** '''Rodents (mice, rats):''' Allergens are primarily found in their urine (especially proteins that become airborne as the urine dries), but also in their dander and saliva. Rodent infestations can lead to high levels of these potent allergens.

==== Human-Derived Bioaerosols ====

Humans themselves are a significant source of indoor biological particulate matter and microorganisms.

* '''Shed Skin Cells:''' Humans continuously shed skin cells (squames). These cells form a major component of household dust and serve as a primary food source for dust mites.
* '''Microorganisms from Occupants:''' Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococci, Streptococci) and viruses are expelled into the air through normal physiological activities such as breathing and talking, and in much greater quantities during coughing and sneezing. These bioaerosols can contribute directly to disease transmission between occupants and can also settle on surfaces, potentially leading to indirect transmission or becoming part of the general microbial load of the indoor environment.

Understanding the diverse nature and sources of these biological agents is crucial for assessing risks and implementing effective control measures to maintain healthy indoor air.

== Concentration limit values for main air pollutants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Categorization
!Pollutant
!Averaging period
! colspan="2" |Concentration limit value
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="6" |Organic gases
|[[Benzene]]
| -
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Naphthalene]]
|annual
|10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
|
| colspan="2" |no safe level
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
|annual
|250
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|[[Trichloroethylene]]
|
|
|
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
|Formaldehyde
|30-minute
|100
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2010 <ref name="WHO_2010"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Inorganic gases
|[[O3]]
|8-hour
peak season
|100
60
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|SO<sub>2</sub>
|10-minute
24-hour
|500
40
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[NO2|NO<sub>2</sub>]]
|1-hour
24-hour
annual
|200
25
10
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[CO]]
|15-minute
1-hour

8-hour

24-hour
|100
35

10

4
|mg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Particulate matter]]
|[[PM2.5]]
|24-hour
annual
|15
5
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|[[PM10]]
|24-hour
annual
|45
15
|μg/m<sup>3</sup>
|WHO 2021 <ref name="WHO_2021"></ref>
|-
|Radioactive gases
|[[Radon]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
</references>

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:25:19Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Biological agents */

Main indoor air pollutants

2025-05-07T07:20:48Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Biological agents */

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:57:21Z

Ular.palmiste: /* 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:54:43Z

Ular.palmiste: /* 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|center|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:49:40Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 150px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:49:16Z

Ular.palmiste: /* 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 150px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.

=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.

=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.

=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.

=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:47:42Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 150px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.

=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.

=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.

=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.

=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:46:11Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref> ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition)<ref name="WHO_2000"></ref> ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.

=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005)<ref name="WHO_2005"></ref> ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould<ref name="WHO_2009"></ref> ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.

=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.

=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion<ref name="WHO_2014"></ref> ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.

=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="WHO_2021"></ref> ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

World Health Organization Guidelines

2025-05-06T08:37:56Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines */

This page summarizes the World Health Organization's (WHO) position and guidelines concerning indoor air quality (IAQ), drawing from various WHO publications issued between 1987 and 2023.

The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a crucial role in establishing global air quality guidelines to protect public health from the adverse effects of air pollution. Recognizing that air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to human health, the WHO has been periodically issuing evidence-based recommendations since 1987<ref name="WHO_1987"></ref>.

== WHO's Stance on Indoor Air Quality ==
Clean air is recognized by WHO as a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. Since people spend a significant portion of their time indoors, indoor air quality is a critical determinant of health. WHO emphasizes that indoor air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Problems like dampness, mould, and emissions from building materials, consumer products, and combustion activities (heating, cooking) contribute substantially to this burden.

WHO's primary aim in issuing air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from the adverse effects of air pollution and for eliminating or reducing hazardous air contaminants to a minimum. These guidelines are intended to inform risk management decisions, particularly in setting standards, but are not standards in themselves. National authorities must consider these guidelines within the context of local environmental, social, and economic conditions. WHO stresses that efforts should always be made to keep air pollution levels as low as practically achievable.

The WHO guidelines cover various indoor pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold, and radon, offering comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

== Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines ==
WHO's concern with air pollution dates back decades. Key milestones relevant to IAQ include:

=== 1987: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe ===
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = EDIAQI Project
| image = [[File:WHO_1987.jpg|100px|link=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/107364]]
| below =

'''Publication<ref name="WHO_2010"></ref> '''
}}
This first edition assessed 28 chemical contaminants, recognizing the importance of indoor air quality and including pollutants often found indoors. It established different approaches for non-carcinogens (threshold-based guideline values) and carcinogens (risk estimation).

=== 2000: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second Edition) ===
This edition updated the previous guidelines, reflecting new scientific data and risk assessment methodologies. It expanded the list of pollutants and included a dedicated section on indoor air pollutants like environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), man-made vitreous fibres, and radon. The applicability of guidelines to both indoor and outdoor air (except where specified) was maintained.

=== 2005: Global Update (AQG 2005) ===
Focused on particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), providing updated guideline levels applicable globally and in all environments, including indoors. It introduced the concept of interim targets for PM, ozone, and SO2 as steps for highly polluted areas.

=== 2009: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould ===
Addressed biological contaminants, concluding that sufficient evidence links dampness and mould to respiratory symptoms, allergies, and asthma exacerbation. Due to the complexity of microbial exposures, it recommended preventing/minimizing dampness and microbial growth rather than setting numerical limits for biological agents.

=== 2010: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants ===
Provided specific guideline values or risk estimates for nine key indoor pollutants: benzene, carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radon, trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene.

=== 2014: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion ===
Focused specifically on the significant health risks from burning solid fuels and kerosene in households, providing emission rate targets (ERTs) for stoves and fuels needed to meet WHO AQG levels for PM2.5 and CO. It strongly discouraged the household use of unprocessed coal and kerosene.

=== 2021: WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines ===
Provided updated, lower AQG levels for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, based on a substantial increase in evidence showing adverse health effects at lower concentrations than previously understood. It retained the concept of interim targets and added good practice statements for specific PM types like black carbon/elemental carbon (BC/EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), and sand/dust storm particles.

== Policy and Implementation ==
WHO guidelines provide a crucial scientific foundation for developing national air quality standards, although they are not legally binding in themselves. The transition from these international guidelines to enforceable national standards necessitates careful consideration of local contexts, including technical feasibility, socioeconomic factors, and political decisions regarding acceptable risk levels and the protection of vulnerable populations. Serving as critical references, the guidelines, including any interim targets, allow countries to benchmark progress, evaluate the effectiveness of air quality management strategies, shape global health policy, advocate for cleaner indoor environments, and ultimately drive legislative changes and policy measures to mitigate air pollution and improve public health.

Effective air quality management requires:

* Monitoring: Assessing current air quality levels.
* Source control: Reducing emissions from major sources like traffic, industry, household fuel combustion, and building materials. For indoor air, this includes using low-emission materials, proper venting of combustion appliances, and controlling activities like smoking.
* Ventilation: Ensuring adequate exchange between indoor and outdoor air to dilute indoor pollutants and control humidity, while considering the quality of outdoor air and energy efficiency.
* Policy integration: Addressing air quality across sectors (health, energy, environment, transport, housing) and involving multiple stakeholders.
* Public awareness and communication: Informing the public about risks and protective measures.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="WHO_1987">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_1987}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2000">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2000}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2005">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2005}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2009">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2010">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2010}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2014">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2021">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2021}}</ref>
<ref name="WHO_2023">{{#lst:Reading List|WHO_2023}}</ref>
</references>

File:WHO 1987.jpg

2025-05-06T08:28:52Z

Ular.palmiste:

Professional and Scientific Recommendations

2025-04-28T13:36:52Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS) */

This page will summarize the standards and guidelines published by relevant professional organizations in the field of indoor air quality.

== Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS) ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS)
| image = [[File:industry_GOAQS.png|200px|link=https://goaqs.org/]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://goaqs.org/ GO AQS Website]'''

}}

=== GO IAQS ===

=== GO AAQS ===
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
== REHVA ==

== ASHRAE ==

Professional and Scientific Recommendations

2025-04-28T13:35:29Z

Ular.palmiste:

This page will summarize the standards and guidelines published by relevant professional organizations in the field of indoor air quality.

== Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS) ==
{{Side box
| bodystyle = width: 250px; float:right; clear:right;
| title = Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS)
| image = [[File:industry_GOAQS.png|200px|link=https://goaqs.org/]]
| below =
'''Link'''
* '''[https://goaqs.org/ GO AQS Website]'''

}}
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
== REHVA ==

== ASHRAE ==

File:Industry GOAQS.png

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Ular.palmiste:

Professional and Scientific Recommendations

2025-04-28T13:34:16Z

Ular.palmiste: /* Global Open Air Quality Standards (GO AQS) */

File:Industry GOAQS.webp

2025-04-28T13:31:19Z

Ular.palmiste: