http://206.189.52.199/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=BioaerosolsBioaerosols - Revision history2026-05-01T18:11:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.41.1http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=115&oldid=prevKalle at 11:25, 27 July 20232023-07-27T11:25:34Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=112&oldid=prevKalle at 11:22, 27 July 20232023-07-27T11:22:25Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=86&oldid=prevKalle at 13:48, 26 July 20232023-07-26T13:48:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=82&oldid=prevKalle at 13:45, 26 July 20232023-07-26T13:45:31Z<p></p>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=44&oldid=prevKalle at 08:03, 13 July 20232023-07-13T08:03:52Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: Factors affecting indoor air quality]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=40&oldid=prevKalle at 07:59, 13 July 20232023-07-13T07:59:13Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__FORCETOC__</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__FORCETOC__</div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=33&oldid=prevKalle at 17:48, 26 June 20232023-06-26T17:48:41Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:48, 26 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Endotoxins'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== </ins>'''Endotoxins''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indoor fungi'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== </ins>'''Indoor fungi''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=26&oldid=prevKalle at 13:34, 26 June 20232023-06-26T13:34:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Factors affecting indoor air quality]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Factors affecting indoor air quality]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=18&oldid=prevKalle at 20:16, 6 June 20232023-06-06T20:16:28Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:16, 6 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles with compounds of biological origin, for example, pathogenic or non-pathogenic and living or dead fungi and bacteria, their secondary metabolites, bacterial endotoxins, mycotoxins, viruses and pollen grains (Douwes et al. 2004, Ghosh et al. 2015). Due to their ubiquitous nature, bioaerosols are detected in most enclosed environments (Nevalainen et al. 2015). Their distribution is highly dependent on seasons, and their concentrations are higher in summer and fall and lowest in winter (Salonen et al. 2017, Salonen et al. 2015). In indoor environments, the presence of bioaerosols is controlled through cleaning, maintenance and ventilation systems (Salonen et al. 2015, Ghosh et al. 2015). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Endotoxins</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Endotoxins<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Endotoxins are biologically active liposaccharides and components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (Duchaine et al. 2001, Rennie et al. 2008). They are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments and are found in dusts and aerosols. Geographical region, season, cultural differences and habits affect the endotoxin levels in schools (Jacobs et al. 2014a). According to a review by Salonen et al. (2016), some of the factors which affect the endotoxin levels of indoor floor dust are, for example, age of the building, cleaning, farm or rural living, flooring materials (carpets, in particular), number of occupants, the presence of dogs or cats indoors, and relative humidity. However, it was concluded in their review that the research data are inconsistent and additional studies are needed. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies on endotoxins and other particles in house dust have traditionally been based on vacuumed dust samples collected from floors or mattresses, as it is cheap and highly feasible (Fahlbusch et al. 2003, Schram et al. 2005, Schram‐Bijkerk et al. 2006, Noss et al. 2008, Samadi et al. 2010, Frankel et al. 2012). However, the majority of the samples may consist of large or heavy particles, such as sand, that would not become airborne, and the power of the vacuum, sampling area and time have a major impact on the results (Noss et al. 2008, Mazique et al. 2011). Several air sampling methods have been used as alternatives (Park et al. 2000, Dales et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. 2011, Morgenstern et al. 2005), but they may also be biased in that they may not represent the actual concentrations or measures of long-term inhaled exposure (Duchaine et al. 2001, Mazique et al. 2011). To compensate for the shortcomings of all these methods, an electrostatic dust fall collector was developed and is nowadays widely used instead of the vacuuming method (Jacobs et al. 2013, Noss et al. 2008). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indoor fungi</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Indoor fungi<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indoor environments in buildings are evolutionary new ecosystems. The number of known fungal taxa is estimated at around 80,000, but only 150 to 250 of these taxa are found in buildings (Samson 2011). Thus, only a limited number of fungal species dominate the indoor mycobiota, even though buildings provide diverse ecological niches (Nielsen et al. 2004). The moisture requirement of different fungal genera or species varies. Usually, a water activity (aw, which is an indicator of the availability of water) of 0.95–0.99 is favourable for fungal growth, while aw values of 0.65–0.90 and 0.88–0.99 are favourable for the growth of xerophilic fungi and yeasts respectively (Su-lin et al. 2011). The temperature in buildings is typically 20– 25°C, and the pH range in building materials is typically 5–6.5. These conditions are optimal for mesophilic fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium (Vacher et al. 2010). Sufficient light and oxygen are also critical for the growth of fungi in indoor environments (Voisey 2010, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). Moisture migration through the structures may result in microbial growth, and fungal spores might move indoors under the influence of negative pressure (Airaksinen et al. 2004a, Seppänen and Fisk 2004, Airaksinen et al. 2004b). </div></td></tr>
</table>Kallehttp://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Bioaerosols&diff=17&oldid=prevKalle at 20:15, 6 June 20232023-06-06T20:15:56Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:15, 6 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mycoparasitic fungi prey on other fungal species and kill their fungal prey by invasion and secretion of certain enzymes, and feeding on the released nutrients (Karlsson et al. 2017). The necrotrophic species T. atroviride may be the bestknown species that exhibits strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism. Necrotrophic mycoparasites are destructive, have a wide host range and nonselectively prey on live and dead fungal biomass (Karlsson et al. 2017). The strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism exhibited by T. atroviride may indicate availability of fungal prey on wet building materials. Li et al. (2015) suggest that the presence of viable conidia of Trichoderma species, such as T. atroviride, in airborne or settled dust, extracted from exhaust filters, should be considered as a significant indicator, based on which further investigation should be conducted to confirm the presence of this species (Li et al. 2015, Castagnoli et al. 2018).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mycoparasitic fungi prey on other fungal species and kill their fungal prey by invasion and secretion of certain enzymes, and feeding on the released nutrients (Karlsson et al. 2017). The necrotrophic species T. atroviride may be the bestknown species that exhibits strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism. Necrotrophic mycoparasites are destructive, have a wide host range and nonselectively prey on live and dead fungal biomass (Karlsson et al. 2017). The strong necrotrophic mycoparasitism exhibited by T. atroviride may indicate availability of fungal prey on wet building materials. Li et al. (2015) suggest that the presence of viable conidia of Trichoderma species, such as T. atroviride, in airborne or settled dust, extracted from exhaust filters, should be considered as a significant indicator, based on which further investigation should be conducted to confirm the presence of this species (Li et al. 2015, Castagnoli et al. 2018).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Factors affecting indoor air quality]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Factors affecting indoor air quality]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Kalle