http://206.189.52.199/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde
Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde - Revision history
2026-09-14T12:32:26Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=1816&oldid=prev
Doris at 10:35, 10 September 2026
2026-09-10T10:35:48Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:35, 10 September 2026</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>VOCs are organic compounds with a boiling point between 50°C and 260°C. In VOC analyses, the results are often in the form of toluene equivalents, which represent the concentration calculated by comparing the compound’s detector response to the detector response of toluene (Fromme et al. 2019).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Volatile organic compounds (</ins>VOCs<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)''' </ins>are organic compounds with a boiling point between 50°C and 260°C. In VOC analyses, the results are often in the form of toluene equivalents, which represent the concentration calculated by comparing the compound’s detector response to the detector response of toluene (Fromme et al. 2019).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) is defined as the sum of the concentrations of all VOCs (identified or non-identified) between n-hexane and n-hexadecane and calculated as toluene equivalents (ISO 16000-6:2011). The normal analytical procedure involves collecting air samples in sorbent tubes, such as Tenax TA, and thermally eluting them with a non-polar gas chromatography column for analysis(ISO 16000-6:2011, Mølhave et al. 1997). TVOC provides an estimation of the composition of the chemicals in indoor air, and is therefore, used as an indicator of the chemical load, contamination sources or insufficient ventilation (Fromme et al.2019). However, it does not account for the potency of the single compounds, or exposure to low levels of VOC mixtures or high concentrations of specific substances. For the European Union (EU), the European Community has created guidelines which stipulate that the maximum concentration of TVOCs must not exceed0.3 mg/m3, and the concentration of individual VOCs must not exceed 10% of the set maximum. The target concentrations of single substances should be set based on toxicology analysis. Substances with a low odour perception threshold and compounds or mixtures with a high probability of sensory effects, odour perception or discomfort (Salthammer 2011, Andersson et al. 1997) need additional assessment. In new or freshly renovated buildings, increased VOC values are accepted for up to 12 months (Fromme et al. 2019).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>is defined as the sum of the concentrations of all VOCs (identified or non-identified) between n-hexane and n-hexadecane and calculated as toluene equivalents (ISO 16000-6:2011). The normal analytical procedure involves collecting air samples in sorbent tubes, such as Tenax TA, and thermally eluting them with a non-polar gas chromatography column for analysis(ISO 16000-6:2011, Mølhave et al. 1997). TVOC provides an estimation of the composition of the chemicals in indoor air, and is therefore, used as an indicator of the chemical load, contamination sources or insufficient ventilation (Fromme et al.2019). However, it does not account for the potency of the single compounds, or exposure to low levels of VOC mixtures or high concentrations of specific substances. For the European Union (EU), the European Community has created guidelines which stipulate that the maximum concentration of TVOCs must not exceed0.3 mg/m3, and the concentration of individual VOCs must not exceed 10% of the set maximum. The target concentrations of single substances should be set based on toxicology analysis. Substances with a low odour perception threshold and compounds or mixtures with a high probability of sensory effects, odour perception or discomfort (Salthammer 2011, Andersson et al. 1997) need additional assessment. In new or freshly renovated buildings, increased VOC values are accepted for up to 12 months (Fromme et al. 2019).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a ubiquitous air contaminant with various adverse effects on humans (Tsai 2019, Salonen et al. 2009, WHO 2010). Airborne formaldehyde can be released from several sources, such as paints, coatings, wall and floor coverings, and furnishing (Rovira et al. 2016). In classrooms, formaldehyde concentrations are found to be very low, or even below detectable limits (Yang et al.2009, Lee and Chang 2000).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Formaldehyde (HCHO)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>is a ubiquitous air contaminant with various adverse effects on humans (Tsai 2019, Salonen et al. 2009, WHO 2010). Airborne formaldehyde can be released from several sources, such as paints, coatings, wall and floor coverings, and furnishing (Rovira et al. 2016). In classrooms, formaldehyde concentrations are found to be very low, or even below detectable limits (Yang et al.2009, Lee and Chang 2000).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gaseous pollutants detected in school buildings include VOCs and inorganic gases, of which the most commonly detected ones are CO2, carbon monoxide (CO),nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Indoor emission sources, such as indoor building and furniture material, play a major role in VOC exposure (Paciência et al. 2016). In schools, the emission sources include typically used cleaning products and materials for art and craft (Śmiełowska et al. 2017,Mishra et al. 2015). Additionally, occupants’ behaviour and activities, as well as season, affect the indoor VOC concentrations. In a review study by Paciencia et al.(2016), higher mean concentrations of known VOCs were found during the cold season, with the concentrations varying from undetectable to 160 μg/m3. The levels of certain VOCs are sometimes much higher indoors than outdoors. The most common species of VOCs found in school environments are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Chithra and Nagendra 2018), and among them, toluene is found in the highest concentrations in classrooms (Madureira et al. 2015, Demirel et al.2014, Raysoni et al. 2013, Jovanović et al. 2014).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gaseous pollutants detected in school buildings include VOCs and inorganic gases, of which the most commonly detected ones are CO2, carbon monoxide (CO),nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Indoor emission sources, such as indoor building and furniture material, play a major role in VOC exposure (Paciência et al. 2016). In schools, the emission sources include typically used cleaning products and materials for art and craft (Śmiełowska et al. 2017,Mishra et al. 2015). Additionally, occupants’ behaviour and activities, as well as season, affect the indoor VOC concentrations. In a review study by Paciencia et al.(2016), higher mean concentrations of known VOCs were found during the cold season, with the concentrations varying from undetectable to 160 μg/m3. The levels of certain VOCs are sometimes much higher indoors than outdoors. The most common species of VOCs found in school environments are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Chithra and Nagendra 2018), and among them, toluene is found in the highest concentrations in classrooms (Madureira et al. 2015, Demirel et al.2014, Raysoni et al. 2013, Jovanović et al. 2014).</div></td></tr>
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Doris
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=117&oldid=prev
Kalle at 11:26, 27 July 2023
2023-07-27T11:26:24Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:26, 27 July 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=110&oldid=prev
Kalle at 11:21, 27 July 2023
2023-07-27T11:21:03Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: Indoor air pollutants]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=88&oldid=prev
Kalle at 13:50, 26 July 2023
2023-07-26T13:50:21Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=84&oldid=prev
Kalle at 13:46, 26 July 2023
2023-07-26T13:46:07Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=46&oldid=prev
Kalle at 08:06, 13 July 2023
2023-07-13T08:06:05Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=43&oldid=prev
Kalle at 08:03, 13 July 2023
2023-07-13T08:03:21Z
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=28&oldid=prev
Kalle at 13:46, 26 June 2023
2023-06-26T13:46:45Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=27&oldid=prev
Kalle at 13:46, 26 June 2023
2023-06-26T13:46:20Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:46, 26 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"''</div></td></tr>
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Kalle
http://206.189.52.199/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compounds_and_formaldehyde&diff=19&oldid=prev
Kalle at 20:16, 6 June 2023
2023-06-06T20:16:55Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:16, 6 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gaseous pollutants detected in school buildings include VOCs and inorganic gases, of which the most commonly detected ones are CO2, carbon monoxide (CO),nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Indoor emission sources, such as indoor building and furniture material, play a major role in VOC exposure (Paciência et al. 2016). In schools, the emission sources include typically used cleaning products and materials for art and craft (Śmiełowska et al. 2017,Mishra et al. 2015). Additionally, occupants’ behaviour and activities, as well as season, affect the indoor VOC concentrations. In a review study by Paciencia et al.(2016), higher mean concentrations of known VOCs were found during the cold season, with the concentrations varying from undetectable to 160 μg/m3. The levels of certain VOCs are sometimes much higher indoors than outdoors. The most common species of VOCs found in school environments are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Chithra and Nagendra 2018), and among them, toluene is found in the highest concentrations in classrooms (Madureira et al. 2015, Demirel et al.2014, Raysoni et al. 2013, Jovanović et al. 2014).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gaseous pollutants detected in school buildings include VOCs and inorganic gases, of which the most commonly detected ones are CO2, carbon monoxide (CO),nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Indoor emission sources, such as indoor building and furniture material, play a major role in VOC exposure (Paciência et al. 2016). In schools, the emission sources include typically used cleaning products and materials for art and craft (Śmiełowska et al. 2017,Mishra et al. 2015). Additionally, occupants’ behaviour and activities, as well as season, affect the indoor VOC concentrations. In a review study by Paciencia et al.(2016), higher mean concentrations of known VOCs were found during the cold season, with the concentrations varying from undetectable to 160 μg/m3. The levels of certain VOCs are sometimes much higher indoors than outdoors. The most common species of VOCs found in school environments are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (Chithra and Nagendra 2018), and among them, toluene is found in the highest concentrations in classrooms (Madureira et al. 2015, Demirel et al.2014, Raysoni et al. 2013, Jovanović et al. 2014).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Source: Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist. 2020. "Indoor air contaminants, symptoms and effects of mechanical ventilation in school buildings"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
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Kalle